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Flashcards from A&P I Final Review Notes
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Frontal plane
Divides the body into anterior to posterior positions.
Transverse plane
Divides the body into superior to inferior positions.
Sagittal plane
Divides the body into medial to lateral positions.
Thoracic cavity
Ventral body cavity containing the lungs and the heart.
Abdominopelvic cavity
Ventral body cavity containing stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, kidneys, large intestine, small intestine and adrenal glands.
Levels of organization in nature
Chemical, cells, tissue, organ, organ systems, organism.
Protons
Subatomic particle in the nucleus with a positive charge.
Neutrons
Subatomic particle in the nucleus with no charge.
Electrons
Subatomic particle orbiting the nucleus with a negative charge.
Atomic mass
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
Atomic number
The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
Isotope
A variation of the same element with differing amounts of neutrons.
Fluid Mosaic Model
A model describing the cell membrane as a mixed combination or mosaic of phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol, and proteins, with fluidity due to the phospholipids' movements.
Mitochondria
Organelle; major cellular site for ATP manufacturing for energy.
Lysosomes
Organelle; digests unneeded and unwanted biological molecules; the vacuum of the cell.
Golgi apparatus
Organelle; modifies and stores proteins that are formed by rough ER.
Rough ER
Organelle; has ribosomes attached to surface; ribosomes make proteins, they enter rough ER and are modified with sugar or lipid groups.
Smooth ER
Organelle; where lipids are assembled.
Enzymes
Increase the speed of reactions, can be reused, can catalyze a chemical reaction in both directions, and are selective about substrates they will bind.
Proteins
Organic macromolecule; major subclasses include amino acids.
Lipids
Organic macromolecule; major subclasses include fats, phospholipids, and sterols.
Carbohydrates
Organic macromolecule; major subclasses include mono-, di-, and polysaccharides.
Nucleotide structures
Organic macromolecule; major subclasses include nucleotides.
Dermis
Deepest layer of the skin, with papillary (loose areolar CT) and reticular (dense irregular connective tissue) sublevels.
Epidermis
Most superficial layer of the skin, with stratum basale (deepest), spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum (most superficial) sublayers.
Stratum granulosum
Sub-layer of the epidermis where cell death is first exhibited.
Mitosis in epidermis
Occurs in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum sublayers.
Skin cell types
Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans or dendritic cells, and Merkel or tactile cells.
Epithelial tissue
Major tissue type; subtypes include simple squamous (blood vessels), simple cuboidal (glands), simple columnar (stomach lining), pseudostratified columnar (bronchi/trachea lining), transitional (bladder), stratified squamous (skin).
Connective tissue
Major tissue type; subtypes include loose (areolar, adipose, reticular), dense (regular, irregular), bone and cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage), and blood.
Muscle tissue
Major tissue type; subtypes include skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
Nervous tissue
Major tissue type; subtypes include neurons and neuroglia (PNS/CNS).
Integumentary system functions
Protection, sensation, temperature regulation, vitamin D production.
Serous membrane
Membrane type containing mesothelia.
Mucus membrane
Membrane type containing the lamina propria.
Synovial membrane
Membrane type largely made up of only different types of connective tissue.
Sliding-Filament Model
Process muscles use to contract: cycle of repetitive events that causes actin and myosin myofilaments to slide over each other, contracting the sarcomere and generating tension in the muscle.
Muscle Structures
Myofilament, sarcomere, myofibril muscle fiber, fascicle, and whole muscle (largest).
Connective tissue coverings in a muscle
Endomysium, Perimysium, Epimysium.
Rigor mortis
Stiffening of muscles after death due to lack of ATP, causing cross-bridges to remain until degeneration begins.
Action potential phases
Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization.
Refractory periods
Absolute: second action potential ABSOLUTELY cannot be initiated. Relative: can occur if stimulus is strong enough.
Bone repair steps
Hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, remodeling.
Energy sources for muscles
Creatine phosphate, anaerobic respiration, aerobic respiration.
Muscle properties
Contractility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity.
Excitation-contraction coupling
Action potentials down T-tubule, calcium release from SR, calcium acts on troponin, tropomyosin slides freeing active sites.
CNS components of the human nervous system
Brain and spinal cord.
PNS divisions of the human nervous system
Sensory and motor neurons - both are found with visceral and somatic divisions.
Hindbrain components
Medulla oblongata, cerebellum, pons.
Forebrain components
Thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebrum.
Language processing in the brain
Occipital lobe (see words), visual association areas (recognize), Wernicke’s area (comprehend), arcuate fasciculus (transport), Broca’s area (context/emotion), premotor cortex (put together/prep muscles), motor cortex (say word).
Astrocytes
CNS neuroglia; creates the blood brain barrier.
Ependymal cells
CNS neuroglia; creates choroid plexus and secretes CSF.
Microglia
CNS neuroglia; immune functions for brain.
Oligodendrocytes
CNS neuroglia; form myelin sheath on multiple CNS axons.
Schwann cells
PNS neuroglia; form myelin sheath around single axon.
Satellite cells
PNS neuroglia; nurse cells that cleanup synapse in the PNS.
Descending pathways
Corticospinal (movements of the body), vestibulospinal (balance coordination).
Ascending pathways
Spinothalamic (pain & temperature), spinocerebellar (proprioceptive).
Bone shapes
Short, irregular, flat, long.
Periosteum
Protective tissue on outer surface of bones; consists of cellular layer (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor cells) and dense irregular CT layer.
Endosteum
Tissue lining medullary cavity and trabeculae of bone; cellular layer of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteoprogenitor cells.
Endochondral ossification
Chondrocytes expand, lacunae expand, chondrocytes die, blood vessels penetrate, chondroblasts convert to osteoblasts, spongy bone deposits, osteoclasts remodel, converts to epiphysis.
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) components
Presynaptic nerve terminal, motor end plate, synaptic cleft.
Neurotransmission at NMJ
Voltage gated Ca+ channels open, vesicles dock, exocytosis of ACh, ACh docks at receptors, action potential develops.
Common neurotransmitters
ACh, serotonin, dopamine, GABA, EP/NE, glutamate.
Brain lobes
Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital.
Consequences of brain lesion
Medulla (death), reticular formation (coma), hippocampus (amnesia), cerebellum (ataxia), prefrontal cortex (loss of personality).
Olfactory nerve (I)
Sensory-smell, malfunction-anosmia.
Optic nerve (II)
Sensory-vision, malfunction-blindness.
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Motor-eye movements, malfunction-droopy eyelids/diplopia.
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Motor-eye movements, malfunction-hard to look down or to side.
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Both motor and sensory for face, malfunction-pain in face.
Abducens nerve (VI)
Motor-eye movements, malfunction-diplopia.
Facial nerve (VII)
Both motor and sensory for taste/expressions, malfunction-ageusia/paralysis.
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Sensory-hearing/balance, malfunction-hearing issues/balance issues.
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Both motor and sensory-taste, malfunction-lack of gag reflex/ageusia.
Vagus nerve (X)
Both motor and sensory-heart/lungs/organs, malfunction-difficulty swallowing/digestion.
Accessory nerve (XI)
Motor-trapezius, malfunction-Lack of function of the sternocleidomastoid/ trapezius.
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Motor-tongue muscles, malfunction-Tongue moves to side of lesion.
Tunica fibrosa
Layer of the eyeball consisting of the sclera and cornea.
Tunica vasculosa
Layer of the eyeball consisting of the choroid, ciliary body and iris.
Tunica interna
Layer of the eyeball consisting of the retina, fovea and optic disk.
Light path through the eye
Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, pupil, vitreous humor, retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, LGN of thalamus, occipital lobe.
Taste modalities
Salty, Sour, Sweet, Bitter, Umami.
Ear components
Auricle, auditory tube, tympanic membrane, incus, malleus, stapes, oval window, cochlea, saccule, utricle, semicircular canals.
Sound reception
Outer ear collects sound, tympanic membrane vibrates, ossicles transmit vibrations, basilar membrane flexes, hair cells bend, high frequencies flex basal end, low frequencies flex distal end.
Brain wave patterns
Alpha, beta, theta, delta.
Meninges
Pia Mater, Arachnoid, Dura Mater.
CSF production site
Ependymal cells and choroid plexus.
CSF flow
Choroid plexus-> lateral ventricle->3rd ventricle->cerebral aqueduct->4th ventricle->subarachnoid space->arachnoid villi->bloodstream.