A&P I Review

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Flashcards from A&P I Final Review Notes

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91 Terms

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Frontal plane

Divides the body into anterior to posterior positions.

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Transverse plane

Divides the body into superior to inferior positions.

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Sagittal plane

Divides the body into medial to lateral positions.

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Thoracic cavity

Ventral body cavity containing the lungs and the heart.

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Abdominopelvic cavity

Ventral body cavity containing stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, kidneys, large intestine, small intestine and adrenal glands.

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Levels of organization in nature

Chemical, cells, tissue, organ, organ systems, organism.

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Protons

Subatomic particle in the nucleus with a positive charge.

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Neutrons

Subatomic particle in the nucleus with no charge.

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Electrons

Subatomic particle orbiting the nucleus with a negative charge.

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Atomic mass

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

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Atomic number

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

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Isotope

A variation of the same element with differing amounts of neutrons.

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Fluid Mosaic Model

A model describing the cell membrane as a mixed combination or mosaic of phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol, and proteins, with fluidity due to the phospholipids' movements.

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Mitochondria

Organelle; major cellular site for ATP manufacturing for energy.

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Lysosomes

Organelle; digests unneeded and unwanted biological molecules; the vacuum of the cell.

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Golgi apparatus

Organelle; modifies and stores proteins that are formed by rough ER.

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Rough ER

Organelle; has ribosomes attached to surface; ribosomes make proteins, they enter rough ER and are modified with sugar or lipid groups.

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Smooth ER

Organelle; where lipids are assembled.

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Enzymes

Increase the speed of reactions, can be reused, can catalyze a chemical reaction in both directions, and are selective about substrates they will bind.

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Proteins

Organic macromolecule; major subclasses include amino acids.

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Lipids

Organic macromolecule; major subclasses include fats, phospholipids, and sterols.

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Carbohydrates

Organic macromolecule; major subclasses include mono-, di-, and polysaccharides.

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Nucleotide structures

Organic macromolecule; major subclasses include nucleotides.

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Dermis

Deepest layer of the skin, with papillary (loose areolar CT) and reticular (dense irregular connective tissue) sublevels.

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Epidermis

Most superficial layer of the skin, with stratum basale (deepest), spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum (most superficial) sublayers.

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Stratum granulosum

Sub-layer of the epidermis where cell death is first exhibited.

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Mitosis in epidermis

Occurs in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum sublayers.

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Skin cell types

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans or dendritic cells, and Merkel or tactile cells.

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Epithelial tissue

Major tissue type; subtypes include simple squamous (blood vessels), simple cuboidal (glands), simple columnar (stomach lining), pseudostratified columnar (bronchi/trachea lining), transitional (bladder), stratified squamous (skin).

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Connective tissue

Major tissue type; subtypes include loose (areolar, adipose, reticular), dense (regular, irregular), bone and cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage), and blood.

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Muscle tissue

Major tissue type; subtypes include skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

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Nervous tissue

Major tissue type; subtypes include neurons and neuroglia (PNS/CNS).

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Integumentary system functions

Protection, sensation, temperature regulation, vitamin D production.

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Serous membrane

Membrane type containing mesothelia.

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Mucus membrane

Membrane type containing the lamina propria.

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Synovial membrane

Membrane type largely made up of only different types of connective tissue.

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Sliding-Filament Model

Process muscles use to contract: cycle of repetitive events that causes actin and myosin myofilaments to slide over each other, contracting the sarcomere and generating tension in the muscle.

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Muscle Structures

Myofilament, sarcomere, myofibril muscle fiber, fascicle, and whole muscle (largest).

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Connective tissue coverings in a muscle

Endomysium, Perimysium, Epimysium.

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Rigor mortis

Stiffening of muscles after death due to lack of ATP, causing cross-bridges to remain until degeneration begins.

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Action potential phases

Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization.

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Refractory periods

Absolute: second action potential ABSOLUTELY cannot be initiated. Relative: can occur if stimulus is strong enough.

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Bone repair steps

Hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, remodeling.

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Energy sources for muscles

Creatine phosphate, anaerobic respiration, aerobic respiration.

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Muscle properties

Contractility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity.

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Excitation-contraction coupling

Action potentials down T-tubule, calcium release from SR, calcium acts on troponin, tropomyosin slides freeing active sites.

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CNS components of the human nervous system

Brain and spinal cord.

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PNS divisions of the human nervous system

Sensory and motor neurons - both are found with visceral and somatic divisions.

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Hindbrain components

Medulla oblongata, cerebellum, pons.

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Forebrain components

Thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebrum.

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Language processing in the brain

Occipital lobe (see words), visual association areas (recognize), Wernicke’s area (comprehend), arcuate fasciculus (transport), Broca’s area (context/emotion), premotor cortex (put together/prep muscles), motor cortex (say word).

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Astrocytes

CNS neuroglia; creates the blood brain barrier.

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Ependymal cells

CNS neuroglia; creates choroid plexus and secretes CSF.

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Microglia

CNS neuroglia; immune functions for brain.

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Oligodendrocytes

CNS neuroglia; form myelin sheath on multiple CNS axons.

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Schwann cells

PNS neuroglia; form myelin sheath around single axon.

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Satellite cells

PNS neuroglia; nurse cells that cleanup synapse in the PNS.

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Descending pathways

Corticospinal (movements of the body), vestibulospinal (balance coordination).

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Ascending pathways

Spinothalamic (pain & temperature), spinocerebellar (proprioceptive).

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Bone shapes

Short, irregular, flat, long.

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Periosteum

Protective tissue on outer surface of bones; consists of cellular layer (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor cells) and dense irregular CT layer.

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Endosteum

Tissue lining medullary cavity and trabeculae of bone; cellular layer of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteoprogenitor cells.

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Endochondral ossification

Chondrocytes expand, lacunae expand, chondrocytes die, blood vessels penetrate, chondroblasts convert to osteoblasts, spongy bone deposits, osteoclasts remodel, converts to epiphysis.

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Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) components

Presynaptic nerve terminal, motor end plate, synaptic cleft.

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Neurotransmission at NMJ

Voltage gated Ca+ channels open, vesicles dock, exocytosis of ACh, ACh docks at receptors, action potential develops.

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Common neurotransmitters

ACh, serotonin, dopamine, GABA, EP/NE, glutamate.

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Brain lobes

Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital.

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Consequences of brain lesion

Medulla (death), reticular formation (coma), hippocampus (amnesia), cerebellum (ataxia), prefrontal cortex (loss of personality).

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Olfactory nerve (I)

Sensory-smell, malfunction-anosmia.

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Optic nerve (II)

Sensory-vision, malfunction-blindness.

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Oculomotor nerve (III)

Motor-eye movements, malfunction-droopy eyelids/diplopia.

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Trochlear nerve (IV)

Motor-eye movements, malfunction-hard to look down or to side.

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Trigeminal nerve (V)

Both motor and sensory for face, malfunction-pain in face.

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Abducens nerve (VI)

Motor-eye movements, malfunction-diplopia.

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Facial nerve (VII)

Both motor and sensory for taste/expressions, malfunction-ageusia/paralysis.

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Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

Sensory-hearing/balance, malfunction-hearing issues/balance issues.

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Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

Both motor and sensory-taste, malfunction-lack of gag reflex/ageusia.

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Vagus nerve (X)

Both motor and sensory-heart/lungs/organs, malfunction-difficulty swallowing/digestion.

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Accessory nerve (XI)

Motor-trapezius, malfunction-Lack of function of the sternocleidomastoid/ trapezius.

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Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Motor-tongue muscles, malfunction-Tongue moves to side of lesion.

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Tunica fibrosa

Layer of the eyeball consisting of the sclera and cornea.

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Tunica vasculosa

Layer of the eyeball consisting of the choroid, ciliary body and iris.

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Tunica interna

Layer of the eyeball consisting of the retina, fovea and optic disk.

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Light path through the eye

Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, pupil, vitreous humor, retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, LGN of thalamus, occipital lobe.

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Taste modalities

Salty, Sour, Sweet, Bitter, Umami.

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Ear components

Auricle, auditory tube, tympanic membrane, incus, malleus, stapes, oval window, cochlea, saccule, utricle, semicircular canals.

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Sound reception

Outer ear collects sound, tympanic membrane vibrates, ossicles transmit vibrations, basilar membrane flexes, hair cells bend, high frequencies flex basal end, low frequencies flex distal end.

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Brain wave patterns

Alpha, beta, theta, delta.

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Meninges

Pia Mater, Arachnoid, Dura Mater.

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CSF production site

Ependymal cells and choroid plexus.

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CSF flow

Choroid plexus-> lateral ventricle->3rd ventricle->cerebral aqueduct->4th ventricle->subarachnoid space->arachnoid villi->bloodstream.