Midterms Repro

are blessings that bring joy and pride to parents

Children

They may fulfill a marriage, perfect the personality of parents, enrich marital love, or confer status on the family

Children

They may be viewed as continuation of the family line, or a means of ensuring that family members and ancestors are honored.

Children

are usually viewed as investment potential, securing their parents against economic, physical, and psychological hardships in old age

children

Conversely, ____ may be liabilities

children

may be welcomed or simply accepted as part of adulthood or marriage

Children

In either case, they should be planned for, cared for, and given the best possible future parents can provide. They are not mere objects of ownership.

Children

is a privilege and obligation exercised by married couples to deliberately and generously decide to raise a large family or, for different reasons and motives and with due respect for the moral law, to avoid a new birth for an Indeterminate period.

Parenthood

. It involves the issue of when and how many children to have.

Parenthood

is not about avoiding fertility, but rather about maintaining fertility until the person can choose the right time for assuming the responsibilities of being a parent

Planned parenthood

may promote a woman's health and well-being, as well as improve future pregnancy outcomes

Planned parenthood

include danger to the mother's or child's health and life, eugenic hereditary defects, and socio-economic difficulties

Planned parenthood

These methods are interventions which suppress the generative functions which may or may not leave the reproductive glands intact.

contraceptives

is a natural method of child spacing

Breastfeeding

It stimulates natural hormones which prevent ovulation.

Breastfeeding

protection for up to six months after delivery, provided that there is little or no supplemental feeding.

Breastfeeding

achieves permanent sterility

Surgical castration

(an infertile state)

Surgical castration

It may be considered a form of mutilation.

Surgical castration

administered as pills, injections, and skin implants stop the ovaries from releasing eggs

estrogen and progesterone

such as gels, creams, or suppositories inserted into the vagina kill the sperms.

spermicides

induce an inflammatory reaction which kills the sperms as they enter the female genital tract

intrauterine devices (IUDs

is a surgical procedure that cuts the vas deferens, blocking the pathway of the sperms and preventing their release when the man ejaculates.

vasectomy

It is a method of permanent contraception.

vasectomy

are sheaths, often made of latex, worn over the erect penis during intercourse

condoms

They trap the ejaculate with the sperms it contains

condoms

prevent pregnancy in that condoms are less effective in preventing the transmission of approximately 85% of the time if used correctly.

Condoms

Some sources say AIDS because they have holes of approximately

5 microns

For women, ____ is a surgical procedure that cuts the fallopian tube, blocking the pathway of the egg from the ovaries and the sperm from the uterus so no fertilization can occur

tubal ligation

covering the vaginal or lower uterine orifice to obstruct the entrance of the sperm.

diaphragm and cervical cap art cup-like structures

thicken the mucus in the vagina and the lower uterus to prevent the sperm from reaching the egg

progesterone hormones

also known as the withdrawal method

Interrupted intercourse

refers to the pulling out of the penis before ejaculation

Interrupted intercourse

This method is not totally effective as some semen may already be secreted into the vagina before the actual ejaculation.

Interrupted intercourse

may be considered both a contraceptive and an abortifacient.

Intrauterine devices (IUDs

These are artificial structures inserted into the uterus that increase uterine contractions to prevent implantation

Intrauterine devices (IUDs

Depending on the type, they may also alter fallopian tube motility, hindering the movements of the egg and sperms (contraceptive)

Intrauterine devices (IUDs

that keep the lining of the uterus thin to make it difficult for the embryo to implant (contraceptive and abortifacient

hormonal contraceptives

is murder. It is immoral, illegal, unnecessary, and dangerous.

Abortion

carry all the usual surgical and anesthetic risks.

Surgical procedures

on the other hand, may cause side effects that include tumors; cardiovascular, blood, lung, and gall bladder disease; weight gain; depression or mood disturbances; nausea; menstrual disturbances; decreased sexual desire or response; or acne and breast tenderness.

Hormonal contraceptives

Its dreaded complications are blood clots which can clog vital organs and cause death.

Hormonal contraceptives

has associated risks of expulsion, cramping. menstrual irregularities, perforation of the uterus, pelvic infection, and ectopic pregnancy.

IUD

has been associated with depression, divorce, sexual dysfunction, and anxiety

contraceptives

weakens moral values and causes loss of respect for women and children

contraceptives

For married couples, preventing pregnancy without acceptable justification opposes the procreative good of the marital act and treats the child as something to be avoided or disposed of as seen fit.

contraception

may also lead to sexual permissiveness, marital infidelity, premarital sex, and the accompanying risk of STDs.

contraception

Some people even believe that no justification is acceptable; couples who practice __ merely want to enjoy the sex act without consequences or even worse, to have a license to immorality.

contraception

is a scientific method that respects life and life processes and involves the systematic observation of a woman's bodily signs of fertility and infertility

Natural family planning (NFP

is determined by the calendar record of the menstrual cycle, basal body temperature rise (thermal method, or change in mucus (Billing's ovulation method).

The date of ovulation

The date of ovulation is determined by the calendar record of the

menstrual cycle, basal body temperature rise (thermal method, or change in mucus (Billing's ovulation method).

the couple will only engage in sexual intercourse during the infertile period (no egg in the reproductive tract) and will practice abstinence during the fertile period (possible egg in reproductive tract) which is 5 to 7 days before and 3 days after ovulation

Natural family planning (NFP)

strengthens the love and maturity of the married couple through communication, cooperation, and self-control.

Natural family planning

It is safe, healthy (no side effects of hormones), and inexpensive.

Natural family planning

Likewise, it neither interferes with the natural reproductive system nor distorts the sexual act because it does not use mechanical devices, hormones, and unhygienic or distasteful procedures

Natural family planning

is effective if used properly. It is reversible; couples can avoid or achieve pregnancy anytime.

Natural family planning

accepted method of planned parenthood.

Catholic Church's

The choice of method to be used in planning for parenthood depends on the

couple's health, socio-economic conditions, and religious and cultural values.

percent of normal couples will conceive after one year of frequent intercourse

Eighty to eighty-five percent

The absence of conception after a year of regular unprotected intercourse is referred to as

infertility

It is equally frequent in both males and females and is often permanent. The most common female causes are

unovulatory disorders, blocked fallopian tubes, and aging

The most common female causes are unovulatory disorders, blocked fallopian tubes, and aging. The male causes include

poor or absent sperm, and less commonly, impotence or inability to ejaculate normally.

The most modifiable risk factors for infertility are

diet, lifestyle habits (smoking or alcohol), STDs, drugs, exposure to environmental contaminants (chemicals, radiation, air pollution, and heavy metals), and disease

The most modifiable risk factors for infertility are diet, lifestyle habits (smoking or alcohol), STDs, drugs, exposure to environmental contaminants (chemicals, radiation, air pollution, and heavy metals), and disease. Less common causes include

genetic malformations of the reproductive tract and endocrine disorders.

Many infertile couples only need

proper timing and counseling.

Many infertile couples only need proper timing and counseling. Some need correction of

lifestyle habits and treatment of health disorders.

The adoption of a child born to different parents is always a generous option for the

infertile couple.

Majority of babies born by—— are healthy and without complications. Health problems, if present, are multifactorial.

assisted reproductive technologies (ART)

Majority of babies born by ART are healthy and without complications. Health problems, if present, are __.

multifactorial

is the best known method of ART

In-vitro fertilization (IVF)

It involves aggressive ovarian stimulation, engineering fertilization in the laboratory with eggs and sperms from the couple or from donors, embryo culture, selectively harvesting timely embryos for implantation/embryonic transfer, and embryo conservation for future use.

In-vitro fertilization (IVF)

The main detriments to __ are religious reasons and cost.

ART

For __, the human being can only be conceived through sexual intercourse between married couples

Catholics

For Catholics, the ___ can only be conceived through sexual intercourse between married couples

human being

can be facilitated by guidance, regulation of the menstrual cycle, and correction of underlying disorders, but the role of the parents cannot be substituted and the sexual act cannot be replaced

Reproduction

is not recommended by the Catholic Church

ART

The storage of cryopreserved embryos is an additional issue.

ART

These embryos are human beings manipulated and used as a means to increase implantation or for research, and it violates respect for them.

ART

are human beings manipulated and used as a means to increase implantation or for research, and it violates respect for them.

embryos

do not allow IVF with gamete donation and surrogacy (embryo implanted in a woman who is not the biologic mother

Protestant and Anglican Churches

embryo implanted in a woman who is not the biologic mother

surrogacy

Likewise, the costs run to hundreds of thousands of pesos. ___ is not cheap.

ART

depends on the cause of infertility, drugs administered, ART techniques employed, age of patient, and source of eggs

ART

Its risks include multiple births, premature deliveries, adverse effects of hormones, stress, and anxiety of couples which may threaten the stability of their marriage.

ART

refers to saving or protecting an individual's reproductive tissues or cells for procreation purposes

Fertility preservation

Men can freeze sperm samples for thawing out at later dates and for use in _

IVF

can likewise freeze eggs or embryos for future use

Women

Humans have approximately __genes in 23 paired chromosomes

23,000

Humans have approximately 23,000 genes in ______

23 paired chromosomes

determine the characteristics that define the species as human and the traits inherited from his/her
Parents

genes

Upon ___, the newly conceived zygote contains 23 pairs of chromosomes-one of each pair coming from each parent.

fertilization

are matching chromosomes and the remaining pair is the sex chromosome

Twenty-two pairs

If the sex pair is XX, the individual is genetically

female

If the sex pair is XX, the individual is genetically female; if the pair is XY, the individual is genetically

male

contains the testis- determining gene

The Y chromosome

Although the sex of the person is determined genetically at fertilization, _____- do not immediately develop.

gonads or genitals

During the__weeks of development, the genital systems in both male and female embryos are similar and potentially bisexual with two pairs of genital ducts

first six

During the first six weeks of development, the genital systems in both male and female embryos are similar and potentially bisexual with___

two pairs of genital ducts

cells originating from the epiblast migrate to invade the urogenital ridge at the sixth week and induce the development of the gonads.

Primordial germ cells

The presence of the___ dictates developmental changes of the gonad to form the testes

Y chromosome