pathology lec 1,2 NMU

compare between risk factor and exciting factor

compare between risk factor and exciting factor

risk factor make an individual more susceptible to a disease than others (فرصه ان يجيله مرض اعلي ) like obesity, poor ventilation, etc.

while exciting factor is directly responsible for a disease (bacterium, virus, trauma, etc)

what are the 3 types of a biopsy just the name

1-excision biopsy

2-incision biopsy

3-true cut biopsy

what is an excision biopsy

Therapeutic surgical resection of the entire lesion.

what is an incision biopsy

Surgical resection of part of the lesion for diagnosis.

what is a true cut biopsy

Core of tissue obtained by largebore needles, sometimes radiologically guided

what is the widely used fixative for specimen

Immediate specimen fixation is mandatory.

The widely used fixative is 10%

formaldehyde (Formalin) buffered to a

neutral pH.

why is immediate specimen fixation important 4 ?

• Fixation will preserve the morphology.

• Prevent decomposition and autolysis.

• Minimize microbial/fungal growth.

• Minimize the loss of molecular components.

fresh specimen without fixation is mandatory for ? 4

▪Frozen section

▪Immunofluorescence

▪Electron microscopy

▪Chromosome studies

what are the 7 causes for cell injury ?

just the name

هقول انا مثال علي الحاجات التافهه ولو قولته انت هيبقي احسن

1-hypoxia

2-infectious agents (virus, bacteria, fungi)

3-immunologic reaction (autoimmune diseases)

4-phyical agents (trauma, heat, cold)

5-chemical agents (conc. acids, alkalies, poisons)

6-genetic and chromosomal defects

7-nutritional disturbances

what are the 3 causes of hypoxia ?

a) Ischemia : arterial occlusion

b) Inadequate oxygenation: heart or lung disease

c) Decreased oxygen carrying capacity: anemia

the effects of cell injury could be in the form of ? 4

1- adaptation

2- reversible cell injury

3- irreversible cell injury

4- Intracellular and extracellular deposits.

adaptation is ?

irreversible ?

too much stress leads to ?

adaptation def: modification of cell structure and function in response to excess physiologic or pathologic stress to achieve a new steady state that preserve the vitality of cells

.

its reversible

.

too much stress exceeds the cell's adaptive capacity leads to injury

enumerate the 4 types of cell adaptation

1-atrophy

2-hypertrophy

3-hyperplasia

4-metaplasia

atrophy means ?

why it happens (mechanism يعني )

decrease in size of mature organ due to decrease in cell size&/ or number

pathogenesis:

cells become smaller DUE TO

1-decrease protein synthesis

2-increase its degradation

mention the 3 physiological atrophy examples and the 3 pathological atrophy examples

physiological:

1-aging

2-uterus atrophy: after labor

3-thymus atrophy: after puberty

pathological:

1-disuse atrophy (after bone fracture)

2-neurogenic atrophy: (denervation)

3-thermal atrophy: undescended testis

hypertrophy is ?

what happens inside

اسمها هنا وفي اللي فاتت pathogenesis

القصد يعني من الجمله اللي بعدها اي اللي بيحصل

def: increase in size of mature organ due to increase in cell size

pathogenesis: increased RNA and structural proteins

mention 2 physiological examples and one pathological example of hypertrophy

physiological:

- Uterine hypertrophy

- Muscle hypertrophy in athletes.

pathological (compensatory)

- Left ventricular hypertrophy in systemic hypertension

hyperplasia means ?

pathogenesis ? (اي اللي بيحصل يعني)

def: increase in size of mature organs due to increase in cell number

pathogenesis :

cell proliferation with increased DNA synthesis

mention one physio. and one patho. example for hyperplasia

physio.

- Hyperplasia of female breast

in puberty, pregnancy and lactation

patho.

- Prostate and endometrium ( hormones)

metaplasia is ?

pathogenesis ?

example ?

def:change of one type of tissue to another type of

same category, epithelium to epithelium or C.T to C.T,

ALWAYS PATHOLOGICAL

pathogenesis: reprogramming of stem cells differentiate along a new pathway to tolerate stress

for an example squamous metaplasia of respiratory epithelium in smokers

enumerate the 2 types of reversible cell injury

what does it affect ?

1-cloudy swelling & hydropic degeneration هم اه دول اتنين بس بيتحطو سوا طول الوقت

2-fatty change

.

Affects cells with higher rate of

metabolism more than supporting stromal cells.

cloudy swelling & hydropic degeneration is ?

caused by ?

its a reversible cell injury characterized by

-mild (in cloudy) and لو زياده المياه بسيطه

-excess (in hydropic) لو زياده المياه كتير

intracellular water accumulation

caused by mild injury or injury of short duration

cloudy swelling & hydropic degeneration

pathogenesis ?

Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is disrupted

first → Decreased ATP leading to;

1- Decreased Na/K pump → gain of intracellular Na.

2- Anaerobic respiration → Lactic acid accumulation.

3- Release of mitochondrial protein.

• The increase in the cytoplasmic osmotic pressure helps intra-cellular water accumulation → cell swelling

in cloudy swelling & hydropic degeneration

how does the affected organ appear (gross picture) ?

size ?

shape ?

surface ?

capsule ?

color ?

consistency ?

cut surface ?

دي النقط بتاعت السؤال

size: swollen

shape: perserved

surface: smooth & has rounded borders

capsule: tense stretched

color: pale due to compression of the capillaries by the swollen cells

consistency: soft

cut surface: appears cloudy (less glistening لمعان اقل يعني) & bulges outwards

in cloudy swelling & hydropic degeneration

how does the affected organ appear (under microscope) ?

فيه اختلاف بسيط بين الاتنين

Cloudy swelling

• The cells are swollen with compressed capillaries in between.

• The cytoplasm is granular

• The nucleus is normal

Hydropic degeneration

• similar lo cloudy swelling but the cytoplasm shows multiple vacuoles

fatty change is ?

a type of reversible cell injury characterized by accummulation of neutral fat (triglycerides) in parenchymatous cells

fatty change

effect on cell or tissue morphology

size ?

shape ?

surface ?

capsule ?

color ?

consistency ?

cut surface ?

size: swollen

shape: perserved

surface: smooth & has rounded borders

capsule: tense stretched

color: pale yellow

consistency: soft

cut surface: appears yellow, greasy to touch & bulges outwards

fatty change

effect on cell or tissue morphology UNDER MICROSCOPE

• The cells appear swollen and compress the intercellular

capillaries.

• The cytoplasm show fat globules fuse together

forming a big globule that pushes and flattens the

nucleus against the cell membrane giving the cell a

signet ring appearance.

• Fat special stains done on frozen section