Found. of Nutrition - Exam 3 (pt. 1 - major minerals)

How much do you require of major minerals a day

>100mg

Which minerals have no TUL

sodium, potassium, chromium

Bioavailability

found as free ions or covalently bound minerals in the body

What are the 1st and 2nd most abundant minerals in the body

calcium and phosphorus

MC divalent (+2) molecule in the body

calcium

2nd MC mineral in body

phosphorus

MC INTRAcellular cation

potassium

2nd MC INTRAcellular cation

magnesium

MC EXTRAcellular cation

sodium

MC EXTRAcellular anion

chloride

Binders - Phytate

whole grains, legumes, seeds

binds Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu

Why is spinach not a good source of iron

the binder oxalate binds to it, inhibiting absorption

Binders - Oxalate

spinach and broccoli

binds Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn

Binders - Proanthocyanidins (Tannins - dry mouth feel)

tea, coffee, chocolate, wine, grapes, rhubarb

binds Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn

What three minerals are associated with insulin

Calcium and Potassium = release

Chromium = secretion and release/binding

Functions of calcium as a cofactor

MMP

lipid digestion

insulin release

Sources of calcium

dairy and fortified milks

Calcium is absorbed via what two mechanisms

active transport or paracellular (passive diffusion)

Calcium absorption via paracellular (passive diffusion)

when calbindin 9k is saturated

**doesn’t require vitamin D

Calcium absorption via active transport

CaT1 (stimulated via vit D/calcitriol and estradiol)

• across brush border membrane

CaLbindin 9k (stimulated via vit D/calcitriol)

• across basoLateral membrane

Calbindin 28k function

decreases calcium excretion in kidneys

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

requires acid (take w/meal)

MC form in supplements

**bad for older adults

RDAs for Calcium

Women

• <50yrs = 1000mg

• >50yrs = 1200mg (b/c estrogen dec…less CaT1)

Men

• <70yrs = 1000mg

• >70yrs = 1200mg

Calcium deficiency occurs in what populations

post menopause

amenorrhea (female athlete)

vegetarians

Why does calcium deficiency occur in vegetarians

because of the binders within the food they eat, it cannot be absorbed

Deficiency of calcium (hypocalcemia) symptoms

Tetany (spontaneous discharge and muscle spasms)

Osteoporosis (if long term)

Trousseau sign

Calcium toxicity occurs in what populations

hyperparathyroidism (b/c high calbindin)

lots of antacid use (TUMS)

Toxicity of calcium (hypercalcemia) symptoms

Kidney stones

Chvostek’s sign

What other conditions can cause hypocalcemia and tetany

Hyperphosphatemia (P) - competes with calcium for absorption (same absorp mech)

Hypo/Hypermagnesemia (Mg) - decreases PTH release

Hypernatremia (Na) - increases urinary excretion

Hypokalemia (K) - increases urinary excretion

Phosphorus is regulated by what organ

kidneys

Sources of phosphorus

animal products

Functions of phosphorus

bone - hydroxyapatite

secondary messengers

phospholipids

energy metabolism (ATP)

Deficiency of phosphorus (hypophosphatemia) occurs in what populations

preterm newborns

Deficiency of phosphorus (hypophosphatemia) symptoms

RARE

weakness (low ATP)

Toxicity of phosphorus (hyperphosphatemia) can cause

nutritional 2* hyperparathyroidism (increased bone loss)

Sodium functions

fluid balance

nerves and muscles

Sources of sodium (NaCl - salty 6)

breads/rolls - 200mg/slice

cold cuts - 300mg/oz

sandwich/burger - 1200mg

pizza - 450 (cheese), 832 (meat) mg/slice

canned soup - 1400/2000mg/can

tacos - 500/600mg each

Deficiency of sodium (hyponatremia) occurs in what populations

excessive sweating (running a marathon)

Deficiency of sodium (hyponatremia) symptoms

cramps

seizures

Toxicity of sodium (hypernatremia) occurs in what populations

elderly

kidney disease pts

Toxicity of sodium (hypernatremia) symptoms

hypertension

**Lowering your sodium and potassium = benefits!

Potassium functions

fluid balance

insulin release

Potassium sources

avocado

banana

squash/sweet potato

Potassium deficiency (hypokalemia) is usually coupled with

magnesium deficiency

Potassium toxicity (hyperkalemia) occurs in what population

kidney disease (supplements only)

Deficiency (hypokalemia) and Toxicity (hyperkalemia) of potassium symptoms

cardiac arrythmia

Magnesium functions

PTH secretion (required for secretion of thyroxine)

protein synthesis

calcium channel blocker (muscle relaxer)

ATP stabilization

bone

How does magnesium stabilize ATP

stabilize charges, otherwise the negative phosphates repel each other

What can decrease absorption of magnesium

phosphorus (same absorption mechanisms)

Sources of magnesium

plants

nuts and seeds

Deficiency of magnesium (hypomagnesemia) occurs in what population

chronic inflammatory status

Deficiency of magnesium (hypomagnesemia) symptoms

muscle weakness

Toxicity of magnesium (hypermagnesemia) occurs in what population

kidney disease (supplements only)

Toxicity of magnesium (hypermagnesemia) symptoms

diarrhea

slurred speech

Chloride functions

HCl

fluid balance

Chloride deficiency (hypochloremia) occurs in what population

chronic vomiting or diarrhea

Chloride deficiency (hypochloremia) symptoms

convulsions

Hypochlorus acid (form of chloride) is produced by

myeloperoxidase (phagocytosis of WBC)

INTRAcellularly, which two minerals are more abundant

phosphate and potassium

EXTRAcellularly, which two minerals are more abundant

chloride and sodium