Anatomy of the Brain and Cerebrum

Primary Brain vesicles

Initial divisions of the developing vertebrate brain: Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain

Secondary Brain vesicles

Further divisions of the brain: Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Metencephalon, Myelencephalon

Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain with right & left hemispheres and five lobes: Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Insula

Sulci

a groove/depression, especially one on the surface of the brain.

Longitudinal fissure

the deep groove that separates the two cerebral hemispheres of the vertebrate brain

Lateral fissure

a deep fissure in each hemisphere that separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

Central sulcus

a sulcus, or groove, in the cerebral cortex in the brains of vertebrates.

Transverse fissure:

line that splits the cerebellum and occipital lobe

Neural elements

Nuclei & Tracts

Gyri

Ridges or folds on the surface of the cerebrum

Gray matter

Neural tissue composed of cell bodies and dendrites

White matter

Collection of tracts, myelinated axons, giving it a whitish color

Commissural fibers

Nerve fibers that connect corresponding areas of the two brain hemispheres

Association fibers

Nerve fibers that connect areas on the same side of the brain

Projection fibers

Nerve fibers that connect the cerebrum to lower brain structures

Cerebral Cortex

Outer layer of the cerebrum responsible for higher brain functions like voluntary movements, conscious recognition of stimuli, and integration

Basal nuclei

Subconscious motor control & coordinated learned movements and Doesn't initiate but assist in patterns and rhythms

name the functional name of the Frontal lobe (motor)

Primary motor cortex

name the anatomical name of the Frontal lobe (motor)

pre-central gyrus

What is included in the frontal lobe (motor)

Premotor cortex, Broca's area, and frontal eye field

What's another name for Parietal lobe (sensory)

Post central gyrus = Primary somatosensory cortex

What is included in Parietal lobe (sensory)

Reception & evaluation of sensory information, and proprioception

Limbic system

Brain system responsible for basic survival functions, memory storage, and emotions, linking conscious and unconscious brain functions

Association areas conducts:

Language area (temporal wernicke's area), Prefrontal cortex (frontal),
& analysis of inputs

Diencephalon

Brain region containing the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland

Cerebellum

Brain region responsible for balance, eye movements, posture, locomotion, and learning complex movements

Thalamus

Brain structure acting as a relay station for sensory and motor signals

Hypothalamus

Brain region involved in hormone regulation, homeostasis, and basic survival functions

Purkinje cells

Large neurons in the cerebellum involved in motor coordination

Meninges

Protective layers surrounding the brain consisting 3 layers; the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

The folds and convolutions of the cerebral hemispheres are named for their three dimensional form. The ridges are called ________

Gyri

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)

result in local hyperpolarization

The folds and convolutions of the cerebral hemispheres are named for their three dimensional form. The shallow grooves are called _______

Sulci

Which of the following neurotransmitters is inhibitory in function?

Glycine

Which of the following lobes of the brain contains the primary motor cortex?

Frontal

All of the following structures are components of the brainstem EXCEPT the

Thalamus

______ are axons which connect the two brain hemispheres. Most pass through (and from) the ______

Commissural fibers, corpus callosum

The right and left cerebral hemispheres are separated by the ______

Longitudinal fissure

The _______ areas the cerebral cortex allows us to integrate and consider information

Association

What area is NOT included in the frontal lobe?
1. Wernicke's speech area
2. The motor strip (area 4)
3. The pre central gyrus
4.. Brocas's speech area
5. The premotor cortex

1. Wernicke's speech

The pre-motor cortex is most likely found in which of the following cerebral lobes?

Frontal

Which of the following lobes is primarily responsible for vision?

Occipital