Melissa Bio Study ❤️🧫🧑‍🔬🧬

1. What are the characteristics that could be used to distinguish between living and nonliving things?

1. Nonliving things may show one or more characteristics of life, while
   living things show all characteristics

1. Are viruses alive? Are bacteria alive?

Viruses are not alive, while bacteria are living organisms

List the steps of the scientific method.

• make an observation

• Ask a question+ form a hypothesis

• Conduct an experiment, collect data, + make furthur observations.

• Reach a conclusion

• supports hypothesis or make new one

Hypothesis

a tentative answer to some question, an explanation on mal.

Theory

a well-substained explanation for some aspect of the natural world.

Independent Variable

The variable that you change and manipulate

Dependent Variable

The effect of the independent value

Control Group

Control-the group left unmanionlated (the refrencelbenchmark

group)

Experimental Group

the group manipulated during the experiment.

1. What are the building blocks of DNA called? What are the building blocks of proteins called?

Nucleotides

1. What are the DNA base-pairing rules? How do they change when you are dealing with RNA?

A-T G-C RNA= A-U G-C

What is the "Central Dogma of Molecular Biology"?

DNA →Transcription →RNA-Translaton → protein

→ Protein

Explain what is meant by the "one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis"

Gene= part of DNA that codes for one protein

1. Why did we spend so much time talking about proteins when we started off talking about DNA? What does this have to do with how DNA controls what we look like?

DNA gives info to proteins which one give info to cells and create what we look like

1. Why is protein synthesis so important? What are some important examples of we look proteins produced by the human body / human cells?

Protein synthesis is so important because of transcription and translation of as it turns DNA into RNA and then into proteins which is then given to cells

What are the building blocks of DNA

ATGC

What are the building blocks of RNA

AUGC

What bases of RNA and DNA are different

T and U

Gene

part of DNA that codes for one protein

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Nucleotide

-a 5 Carbon sugar, a phosphate group, a mitrogenous bose.

Transcriphon

transfer of genetic informanon from DNA to RNA.

Intron

removed.

long Stretches of non-coding nucleotides that are

removed.

Exon

regions that are kept+ eventually translated.

Translation

transfers MRNA into a protein

Codon

Codon- 3 letter words on MRNA that give genetic instructions for the amino acid sequence of a protein.

Anticodon

Triplet on +RNA complementary to codon triplet on MRNA

Mutation

Any change in DNA sequence

Amino Acids 

Monomers (building blocks) of protons 

Polypeptide

Chain of peptide bonds made of amino acids

Enzyme

Protein that speeds up chemical reactions

Sugar phosphate backbone

forms sides of ladder 

hydrogen bond

weak center of DNA

Double Helix

Shape of DNA (2 strands)

nucleotide  

building blocks that make up amino acids 

Ribose

sugar only found in RNA

deoxyribose

sugar only found in DNA

phosphate 

molscule contains phosphorous 

guinene

base found in DNA and RNA

adnine

base found in DNA and RNA

cytosine 

base found in DNA and RNA 

thymine

base only found in dna

uracil

base only found in rna

how many strands for each molecule 

dna 2 strands rna 1 strands 

where does translation take place

ribosomes

How many nucleotides make up a codon? what is the name of the molecule made of codons?

3 nucleotides make a codon, mrna is made of codons

What would happen when the ribosome reads a “stop” codon in mRNA?

The A site accepts a “release factor” instead of +RNA 

Does genetic code work the same for humans, bactira, plants?

Yes

What are examples of mutagens

Chemicals, Radiation,Random chance, replication errors

what are possible effects of mutations 

helps survival, hurts survival, does not