Chapter 14 AP World History Vocab Quiz

Population Explosion

An extraordinarily rapid growth in human population during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries that quadrupled human numbers in little more than a century. Experienced primarily in the Global South.

Green Revolution

Innovations in agriculture during the twentieth century, such as mechanical harvesters, chemical fertilizers, and the development of high-yielding crops, that enabled global food production to keep up with, and even exceed, growing human numbers.

Global Urbanization

The explosive growth of cities after 1900, caused by the reduced need for rural labor and more opportunities for employment in manufacturing, commerce, government, and the service industry.

Megacities

Very large urban centers with populations of over 10 million; by 2020, there were thirty-seven such cities on five continents

Labor Migration

The movement of people, often illegally, into another country to escape poverty or violence and to seek opportunities for work that are less available in their own countries.

Influenza Pandemic

One of the worst pandemics in human history, caused by three waves of this disease that swept across the globe in 1918 and 1919, carried by demobilized soldiers, refugees, and other dislocated people returning home from World War I; at least 50 million people died in the pandemic

HIV/AIDS

A pathogen that spreads primarily through sexual contact, contaminated blood products, or the sharing of needles; after sparking a global pandemic in the 1980s, it spread rapidly across the globe and caused tens of millions of deaths.

Pan-Arabism

Movement in which Arabs sought to unite all Arabs into one state

Pan-Africanism

The unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries

Cultural Globalization

The global spread of elements of popular culture such as film, language, and music from various places of origin, especially the spread of Western cultural forms to the rest of the world; has come to symbolize modernity, inclusion in global culture, and liberation or rebellion. It has prompted pushback from those who feel that established cultural traditions have been threatened.

Religious Fundamentalism

Occurring within all the major world religions, this is a self-proclaimed return to the alleged "fundamentals" of a religion and is marked by a militant piety, exclusivism, and a sense of threat from the modern secular world

Hindutva

A Hindu nationalist movement that became politically important in India in the 1980s; advocated a distinct Hindu identity and decried government efforts to accommodate other faith communities, particularly Islamic.

Islamic Radicalism

Movements that seek to re-order modern Muslim societies in accord with particular and largely literal understandings of the Quran and Sharia. They reject the intrusion of secular western culture and politics, while embracing much of modern technology. Some of these movements have been violent, while others sought to achieve their goals peacefully.

Anthropocene Era

A recently coined term denoting the "age of man," in general since the Industrial Revolution and more specifically since the mid-twentieth century. It refers to the unprecedented and enduring impact of human activity on the atmosphere, the geosphere, and the biosphere.

Holocene

A warmer and often a wetter period that began approximately 12,000 years ago following the end of the last Ice Age. These environmental conditions were uniquely favorable for human thriving and enabled the development of agriculture, significant population growth, and the creation of complex civilizations.

Climate Change

The warming of the planet, largely caused by higher concentrations of "greenhouse gases" generated by the burning of fossil fuels. It has become the most pressing environmental issue of the early twenty-first century.

Second-Wave Environmentalism

A movement that began in the 1960s and triggered environmental movements in Europe and North America. It was characterized by widespread grassroots involvement focused on issues such as pollution, resource depletion, protection of wildlife habitats, and nuclear power.

Paris Climate Agreement

An international agreement negotiated in 2015 among some 195 countries, 700 cities, and many companies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions sufficiently to avoid a 2°C increase in global temperatures.