[RAP0 21LAB] PRELIM: Lesson 1 Chemical Levels

Chemical Levels

Electrolytes

• Blood samples are analyzed using an electrolyte panel (part of basic metabolic or comprehensive metabolic panels).

• It uses ion-selective electrodes or spectrophotometry.

electrolyte panel

Blood samples are analyzed using an ___ (part of basic metabolic or comprehensive metabolic panels).

spectrophotometry

Electrolyte panel uses ion-selective electrodes or ___.

Hypernatremia

• Sodium (Na⁺)

• Health Implications

• High: ___ (e.g., dehydration, diabetes insipidus).

Hyponatremia

• Sodium (Na⁺)

• Health Implications

• Low: ___ (e.g., kidney failure, overhydration).

Hyperkalemia

• Potassium (K⁺)

• Health Implications

• High: ___ (e.g., kidney disease, Addison's disease).

Hypokalemia

• Potassium (K⁺)

• Health Implications

• Low: ___ (e.g., diuretics use, vomiting).

Hypercalcemia

• Calcium (Ca²⁺)

• Health Implications

• High: ___ (e.g., hyperparathyroidism, cancer).

Hypocalcemia

• Calcium (Ca²⁺)

• Health Implications

• Low: ___ (e.g., vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism).

enzymatic assays

• Glucose

• Measurement

• Blood glucose is measured via glucometers or lab-based ___.

glycated hemoglobin

• Glucose

• Measurement

• Long-term glucose control is assessed via HbA1c tests (___).

High glucose

• Health Implications

• ___ indicates diabetes, insulin resistance, or stress response.

Low glucose

• Health Implications

• ___ may cause confusion, seizures, or even coma in severe cases

analyzed

• Lipids

• Measurement

• Lipid profiles are obtained using blood samples ___ by enzymatic colorimetric tests.

HDL; LDL; triglycerides

• Lipids

• Measurement

• Lipid profiles are obtained using blood samples analyzed by enzymatic colorimetric tests.

• These measure levels of ___, ___, ___, and total cholesterol

High LDL

• Lipids

• Health Implications

• ___ or triglycerides increase the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.

Low HDL

• Lipids

• Health Implications

• ___ reduces protection against arterial plaques.

biuret

• Proteins

• Measurement

• Proteins like albumin and total protein are measured using ___ or bromocresol green methods.

Low albumin

• Proteins

• Health Implications

• ___: Liver disease, malnutrition, kidney issues (nephrotic syndrome).

High protein

• Proteins

• Health Implications

• ___: Dehydration, chronic inflammation, or multiple myeloma.

arterial blood gas

• Gases in Blood

• Measurement

• Blood gases are analyzed using ___ (ABG) testing.

partial pressures

• Gases in Blood

• Measurement

• Blood gases are analyzed using arterial blood gas (ABG) testing.

• It measures ___ of O₂ and CO₂, as well as pH levels.

Hypoxemia

• Gases in Blood

• Health Implications

• Low O₂: ___ (e.g., lung disease, anemia).

Hypercapnia

• Gases in Blood

• Health Implications

• High CO₂: ___ (e.g., respiratory acidosis).

immunoassays

• Hormones

• Measurement

• Hormones like TSH, T3, T4, cortisol, insulin are measured via ___, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or chemiluminescence.

Abnormal thyroid levels

• Hormones

• Health Implications

• ___: Hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.

Elevated cortisol

• Hormones

• Health Implications

• ___: Cushing’s syndrome; Low cortisol: Addison’s disease.

BUN and Creatinine

• Waste Products

• Measurement

• ___: Tested via spectrophotometric assays in blood samples.

24-hour

• Waste Products

• Measurement

• BUN and Creatinine: Tested via spectrophotometric assays in blood samples.

• Creatinine clearance may also involve a ___ urine collection to assess kidney filtration.

Kidney

• Waste Products

• Health Implications

• High levels: ___ dysfunction or dehydration.

Liver

• Waste Products

• Health Implications

• Low levels: ___ dysfunction or low protein intake.

iron; zinc; copper

• Trace Elements

• Measurement

• Trace elements like ___, ___, ___ are measured via atomic absorption spectroscopy or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

• Trace Elements

• Measurement

• ICP-MS

Iron-deficiency anemia

• Trace Elements

• Health Implications

• Low iron: ___ (fatigue, weakness).

Hemochromatosis

• Trace Elements

• Health Implications

• Excess iron: ___ (organ damage).

selenium

• Trace Elements

• Health Implications

• Low zinc or ___: Weakened immunity and impaired wound healing.

Sodium (Na⁺)

Regulates fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contractions.

135–145 mEq/L

• Sodium (Na⁺)

• Normal range: ___

Milliequivalents per liter

mEq/L

Potassium (K⁺)

Essential for heart function and muscle contractions.

3.5–5.0 mEq/L

• Normal range: ___

• Potassium (K⁺)

Chloride (Cl⁻)

Helps maintain acid-base balance and hydration.

96–106 mEq/L

• Chloride (Cl⁻)

• Normal range: ___

Calcium (Ca²⁺)

Vital for bones, muscle function, and blood clotting.

8.5–10.2 mg/dL

• Calcium (Ca²⁺)

• Normal range: ___

Milligrams per deciliter

mg/dL

Magnesium (Mg²⁺)

Important for muscle and nerve function and energy production.

1.7–2.2 mg/dL

• Magnesium (Mg²⁺)

• Normal range: ___

Glucose

A critical energy source; high levels indicate hyperglycemia (e.g., diabetes), and low levels indicate hypoglycemia.

70–99 mg/dL

• Glucose

• Normal fasting glucose: ___

Cholesterol and Triglycerides

2 Lipids

<200 mg/dL

• Total cholesterol

• Desirable

<100 mg/dL

• LDL

• bad cholesterol

>60 mg/dL

• HDL

• good cholesterol

Triglycerides

Elevated levels may indicate heart disease or metabolic disorders.

<150 mg/dL

• Triglycerides

• Normal range: ___

Albumin and Total Protein

2 Proteins

Albumin

Maintains oncotic pressure and transports hormones, drugs, and enzymes.

3.4–5.4 g/dL

• Albumin

• Normal range: ___

Grams per deciliter

g/dL

Total Protein

Reflects overall protein status and can indicate liver or kidney issues.

6.4–8.3 g/dL

• Total Protein

• Normal range: ___

Oxygen (O₂) and Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)

2 Gases in Blood

Oxygen (O₂)

Indicates oxygen levels in blood

75–100 mmHg

• Oxygen (O₂)

• Normal arterial partial pressure (PaO₂): ___

Millimeters of mercury

mmHg

Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)

Helps regulate acid-base balance.

35–45 mmHg

• Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)

• Normal arterial partial pressure (PaCO₂): ___

Thyroid Hormones and Cortisol

2 Hormones

Thyroid Hormones

• Critical for metabolism regulation.

• (e.g., T3, T4, TSH)

0.4–4.0 mIU/L.

• Thyroid Hormones

• TSH normal range: ___

Milli-international units per liter

mIU/L

Cortisol

Affects stress response and metabolism.

6–23 µg/dL (morning)

• Cortisol

• Normal range: ___

Micrograms per deciliter

µg/dL

Urea (BUN) and Creatinine

2 Waste Products

Urea (BUN)

Indicates kidney function.

7–20 mg/dL

• Urea (BUN)

• Normal range: ___

Creatinine

Reflects kidney function and muscle metabolism.

0.6–1.2 mg/dL

• Creatinine

• Normal range: ___

Iron, and Zinc, Copper, Selenium

4 Trace Elements

Iron

Critical for hemoglobin production and oxygen transport.

60–170 µg/dL

• Iron

• Normal range: ___

Zinc, Copper, Selenium

• Essential for enzymatic reactions and immune function.

• Levels vary based on dietary intake and health conditions.