Hobbs unit 7 us history test

Albert Bierstadt

* German born U.S Painter known for his large landscape portraits of the 19th century west
* Associated with Luminism
* Part of the Hudson River School

Andrew Carnegie

\- A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the _______ Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Brigham young

* United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith
* Led the Mormons of Illinois to Utah, blazed the Mormon Trail to Salt Lake City

Cyrus McCormick

* Irish-American inventor that developed Obed Hussey's mechanical reaper. - Reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America.
* ___________ Harvesting Machine Company => International Harvester

Frederick Jackson Turner

* Wrote "The Significance of the Frontier in American History"
* ______ Thesis: American culture is shaped and defined by the frontier
* American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.
* Taught at Wisconsin then Yale

Ida Tarbell

\- A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

John D. Rockafeller

* Oil tycoon; owned standard oil company which became the largest refinery
* Made products that he had previously purchased (vertical integration)
* Had monopoly over oil industry
* Philantropist

John Deere

* American blacksmith that was responsible for inventing the steel plow. This new plow was much stronger than the old iron version; therefore, it made plowing farmland in the west easier, making expansion faster.
* Started in Illinois

Joseph Glidden

* Invented barbed wire
* Allowed for large scale commercial agriculture on the Great Plains

Thomas Durant

* An American financier and railroad promoter. - Vice-president of the Union Pacific Railroad (UP) in 1869 when it met with the Central Pacific railroad at Promontory Summit in Utah Territory.
* He created the financial structure which led to the Crédit Mobilier scandal.
* Prime example of a robber baron

Louis Sullivan

\- United States architect known for his steel framed skyscrapers and for coining the phrase \n 'form follows function' (1856-1924)

American Exceptionalism

\- The idea that the American experience was different or unique from others, and therefore America had a unique or special role in the world, such as a "city upon a hill."

Barbed Wire

* Strong wire with barbs at regular intervals used to prevent passage
* Invented by Joseph Glidden

California Trail

* An overland trail that led migrants to California during the Gold Rush
* Route used by the 49ers
* 250K took the trail by 1869

Captains of Industry

\- Owners and managers of large industrial enterprises who wielded extraordinary political and economic power

Celestials

\- Term referring to Chinese Americans in the 1800s

Central Pacific

* Company who constructed the Sacramento to Ogden transcontinental line
* Owned by the Big Four
* Worked on by Celestials

Chinese Exclusion Act

\- 1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers

Combine

* A machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field.
* Hiram Moore invented this
* Cyrus McCormick really made the design successful

Corporations and trusts

\- A way that individuals own property for personal and family purposes just as corporations are a way that individuals own property for business purposes

Credit Mobilier

* A joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad.
* Pioneered by Thomas Durant
* Involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

Dryland Farming

* Farming that relies on rainfall instead of irrigation
* Wheat
* Common in Mid-West

Dumbbell tenements

* New form of housing that was developed in the early 1900's it was designed as a dumbbell and had more apartments for more families and shared restrooms
* Fire hazards, waste and disease

Farmers Alliance

* A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy
* Came after the Grange, collectivist group of farmers focused on solving local problems but expanded to a national platform that led to the fast-growing but short-lived People's Party
* Lampasas Texas

Frontier Thesis

* The argument by Frederick Jackson Turner that the frontier experience helped make American society more democratic
* Emphasized cheap, unsettled land and the absence of a landed aristocracy.

Gilded Age

\- A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

Great Northern American Railway

\- Connected Saint Paul to Seattle

Great Plains

* A mostly flat and grassy region of western North America
* Cattle

Great Railway Strike of 1877

* Railway workers in Virginia initiated a railway strike in 1877 to protest working conditions and wage cuts, lead to the "great labor uprising"
* First major strike in an industry that propelled America's industrial revolution; briefly paralyzed the country's commerce and led governors in ten states to mobilize 60,000 militia members to reopen rail traffic

Hereford Cattle

\- Hardy and thrifty breed; prone to eye cancer; polled and horned; red (deep cherry red to a light buckskin-orange color), white on face, withers, chest, bottom line, tail switch and feet

Hiram Moore

\- This man's combine literally combined the harvesting & threshing process. Today, a single machine can clear a field in hours.

Homestead Act

* 1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.
* Gave African Americans the opportunity to own land

Hudson River School

* 1825-1875
* Group of American landscape painters
* Parts of increasing American nationalism following the War of 1812
* The influence of the European Romantic movement led many American artists to paint their homeland
* Depicted important landscapes such as Niagara Falls, the Catskills, the Rocky Mountains, and the Hudson River Valley
* Artists included Albert Bierstadt, Thomas Doughty, THomas Cole, George Inness, and S.F.B. Morse

Mo-Pac Expressway

\- Missouri Pacific Railroad Line near Georgetown

Mormon Trail

* In 1847, about 1,600 _______ followed part of the Oregon Trail to Utah.
* They built a settlement by the Great Salt Lake.

Nativism

\- A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Obed Hussey

\- Invented the reaper

Oregon Trail

* Trail from independence Missouri to ______ used by many pioneers during the 1840s
* 70K by 1869

Pendleton Act

\- Saw the flaws of the spoils system---that is, way too many positions for new presidents to fill plus unfairness, identified limited number of federal jobs to be filled by competitive written examinations rather than by patronage

Philantropy

\- Charitable donation to public causes

Pogroms

* Government supported attacks against Jews in Russia
* Really any violence against a certain ethnic group

Population Statistics

* Population increased drastically
* % of urban population increased by over 30%

Preemption Act

* Validated the claims of squatters(people who had settled on unoccupied government land in territories without any legal claim to it.)
* Squatters could purchase up to 160 acres of land as cheap as $1.25 an acre, as long as they had been there for 14 months
* Gave way to the Homestead Act

Robber Barons

\- Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

Southern Pacific

* Owned by the Big Four who owned Central Pacific
* Constructed a route from Los Angeles through the Gadsden Purchase to El Paso then linked up with the Texas and Pacific Railroad in Sierra Blanca TX

Standard Oil

\- Established in 1870, it was a integrated multinational oil corporation lead by Rockefeller

Tenth Ward/Lower East Side

\- Manhattan's _______ landscape was defined by tenements and public housing dominated by immigrants

Township and Range

\- Land allotment system used to determine land grants for RRs and general land distribution (such as school sections, 16 and 36); the sections are numbered like a winded snake (7 under 6, 13 under 12) with the top right corner being 1 and bottom right being 36; range is said before township

Transcontinental Railroad

* Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US
* 2 lines: Central Pacific and Union Pacific
* Met at Promontory UT, North of Ogden
Sacramento, California to the East
Omaha, Nebraska to the West

Union Pacific

* Company that built the Omaha to Ogden Line of the Transcontinental Railroad
* Most difficult parts were constructed by Celestials
* Thomas Durant was Vice-President

Vertical Integration

\- Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Township

North/South from baseline, y-axis

Range

East/West from baseline, x-axis