BI 121 GRCC Forbes Exam 3

Function of Bones(7)

Support

Protection

Leverage

Blood Cell Formation

Mineral Storage

Shock Absorption

Fat Storage

Bone Classification(6)

Long

Short

Flat

Irregular

Round/Sesamoid

Sutural

Long Bone Anatomy(8)

Epiphysis

Diaphysis

Periosteum

Compact Bone

Spongy Bone

Medulla

Endosteum

Marrow

Epiphysis

Flared end with hyaline cartilage that forms a joint

Diaphysis

Shaft

Periosteum

Fibrous and vascular membrane covering all non-cartilage surfaces

Compact Bone

Composed of osteons

Spongy Bone

Composed of trabeculae

Medulla

Linear cavity formed by the hollow of the compact bone

Endosteum

Membrane containing bone forming cells that line medulla

Marrow

Soft connective tissue that fills medulla

Red Marrow

RBC/WBC/platelets formation

Yellow Marrow

Fat Storage

Osteoprogenitors

Semi cells that give rise to all other bone cells

Ostreoblasts

Bone deposition

Osteocyte

In lacunae. Function: bone maintenance via waste removal, transport nutrients

Osteoclasts

Bone and fiber reabsorption

Path Note: bone cancers

Cancer that affect osteoclasts

Path Note: prostrate cancer

Cancer that stimulate osteoblasts therefore bone production

Intramembranous

Originate in sheet-like layers of connective tissue. Example: flat and sesamoid bones

Endochondral

From ossification of hyaline cartilage bone models. Example: long, irregular, and short bones

Appositional

Increases diameter of long bones

Factors Affecting Bone Growth (4)

Vitamins

UV exposure

Mechanical Stress

Hormones

Vitamin D

Calcium absorption in small intestine

Vitamin A

Osteoblast and osteoclast activity during fetal development

Vitamin C

Collagen formation in bones

UV Exposure

Vitamin D synthesized in presence of UV

Mechanical Stress

Stimulates osteoblasts Example: dental implants

Hormones

Secreted by the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, ovaries, and testes

Pituitary Dwarfism

Decreased level of human growth hormone. Normal body proportions but dwarfed.

Pituitary Gigantism

Increased level of human growth hormone resulting in stature of 8 feet

Acromegaly

Increased levels of human growth hormone results in enlarged hands, feet, jaw, organs.

Chondrodysplasia

Irregular collagen fibers. Stunted growth, deformed joints

Fractures

Any cracking or breaking of bone

Traumatic Fracture

Fracture via injury caused by force form the outside world

Pathologic Fracture

Fracture caused by disease

Closed Fracture

Skin not broken via bone movement

Compound Fracture

Skin broken via bone movement exposing fracture

Complete Fracture

Bone broken into 2 or more pieces

Incomplete Fracture

Bone not broken into 2 pieces

Path Note: Osteoporosis

Trabeculae are lost and compact bone develops open spaces due to inactivity of osteoblasts and continued osteoclast activity.

Risk factors: female, light complexion, alcohol, smoking, genes, anorexia, lack of exercise in adolescence

Cleft palate

Incompletely fused palatine processes or palatines

Mastoiditis

Bacterial infection of mastoid via middle ear infection. Meninges may become infected

Bulging(slipped) disk

With age, annulus cracks, nucleus loses firmness

Herniated(ruptured) disk

Increased pressure, increased cracks and nucleus squeezes out=numbness, muscle weakness

Kyphosis

Exaggerated thoracic curvature. Causes hunchback, rounded shoulders.

Lordosis

Exaggerated lumbar curvature. Causes swayback (leaning forward).

Scoliosis

Lateral displacement. Causes one hip or shoulder to be lower than the other.

Dorsalbowing

Disks shrink and compress with age. Causes dorsal rotation=back bow.

Polydactyly

Possession of extra digit

Clubfoot

Foot twists out of normal position during development

Tibiatis

Inflammation of tibial tuberosity due to overuse of thigh muscle.

Aging of the skeleton (5)

Osteoclasts>osteoblasts

Height reduction

Decrease collagen/calcium ratio

Increased interosteonic gaps

Joint Degeneration

Path Note: Joint Degeneration

These conditions result in very brittle bones subject to fracture

Joints

Junctions between bones that function to articulate bones.

Synarthrotic Joint

Immovable joint. Example: cranial joint

Amphiarthrotic joint

Some movement joints Example: female coccyx

Diarthrotic Joint

Movable joints Example: elbow

Fibrous Joints

Bound by collagenous ligaments

Cartilaginous Joints

Bound by hyaline cartilage

Synovial Joints

Bound by capsule of collagen

Articular Cartilage

Function: decrease friction

Path note: Cartilage Degeneratiin

Joint immobility. Due to lack of diffusion of nutrients from surrounding tissue to cartilage

Subchondral plate

Absorb shock

Path Note: subchondral plate

Obesity and jogging may cause this to fracture causing extreme pain

Joint Capsule

Encloses and stabilizes joint, holds synovial fluid in place

Synovial membrane

Secrete synovial fluid which cushions, lubricates, supply nutrients and oxygen to cartilage

Menisci(us)

Function: Absorb compression

Bursae

Synovial membrane-lined chambers/sacs with synovial fluid. Provides cushioning over bony projections for movement of tendons. Example: olecranon process

Path Note: Bursitis

Inflammation of the bursae Example: tennis elbow and olecranon bursa

Ligaments

May be integral with capsule of independent. Limit joint movement

Arthritis

Inflammation of a joint

Osteo arthritis

Genetic or traumatic degeneration of the articular cartilage

Rheumatoid arthritic

Autoimmune disorder causes inflammation of synovial membrane, loss of articular cartilage, and increased fibers in joint.

Bacterial Arthritis

Third form of arthritis. Not osteo or rheumatoid

Joint hypermobility syndrome

Abnormal increased range of motion and increased risk of injury to joint

Gout

Accumulation of uric arid crystals in small joints causes extreme pain.

Dislocations

Joints pop out from normal position

Torn ACL/meniscus

From sudden turn while joint is flexed.

Sprains

Tearing of joint tendons and/or ligaments

Ostemyelitis

Bacterial infection of bone.

Fibrous joints lifespan

Ossify partially of completely(lifespan)

Symphysis joints lifespan

Lost water therefore decreased flexibility. Example: vertebral disks (lifespan)

Synovial joints lifespan

Blood to synovial membrane decreases, fibers increase, decreased flexibility of joint at about 35 years (lifespan)

Ligaments lifespan

Collagen fibers cross link causing decreased flexibility in ligamentshhh

Functions of Muscles (4)

Movement

Thermo regulation

Protection from Trauma

Nutrient Reserves

Movement muscles

Skeletal

Smooth

Cardiac

Skeletal muscle

Movement of skeleton

Attached to bone usually

Voluntary

Rapid contraction and fatigue

Smooth muscle

-Movement within hollow organs Examples: intestines, stomach, vessels, bronchioles

-involuntary

-slow contraction and fatigue

Cardiac

Circulation

Rapid contraction and no fatigue

Nutrient Reserves

Provide protein for amino acids and energy

Fascia

Layers of dense irregular connective tissue holding individual muscles in position and attached to adjoining tissues

Tendons

Extension of fascia that attaches a muscle to a focal point on a bone

Aponeuroses

Broad sheet of CT that attach adjoining muscles or broad areas of bone.

Epimysium

Irregular CT on surface of muscle

Perimysium

CT that separates fascicles

Endomysium

CT at separates fibers (cells) within fascicle

CT layer

Epimysium>perimysium>endomysium

Muscle hierarchy preview

Whole muscle> fascicle> fiber> myofibrils> myofilaments

Fascicles

Bundles of muscle fibers