science... oh the misery..

everybody wants to be my enemy..

Law of conservation of energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, just transferred or transformed

Units of energy

joules (J) and calories

Potential energy

stored energy due to changes in an object’s position

Chemical energy

energy stored in chemical bonds

Elastic energy

the energy of stretched or compressed objects

Nuclear energy

energy stored in atoms

Heat energy

kinetic energy in the from of vibration of particles

Electrical energy

energy caused by movement of electrons

Light energy

energy in moving waves of light

Energy transfer

when energy is moved from one place or object to another

Energy transformations

when energy is changed from one form to another

Conduction

transfer of heat by the direct contact of matter

Convection

when fluids have a difference in temperature and moves away from heat source

Radiation

energy transmitted in the form of rays or particles

Waves

movement that carries energy from one place to another without carrying matter

Medium

material that can transmit a wave

Oscillation

movement back and forth in a regular rhythm

Transverse waves

vibrations occur perpendicular to the direction of the wave

Amplitude

height of the wave (volume)

Wavelength

distance between the waves

Frequency

number of complete waves passing each second (hertz)

Decibels

A unit of measurement for loudness

Speed equation

Speed = frequency × wavelength

Longitudinal waves

vibration of the medium is parallel to the wave motion

Compressions

where particles are closer together

Rarefactions

where particles are further apart

Pitch

how ears interpret the frequency of sound waves

Law of reflection

angle of incidence = angle of reflection

Electromagnetic radiation

waves that consist of perpendicular electric and magnetic field oscillations

Refraction

the bending of light that occurs as it passes from one medium to another

Dispersion

the spreading of white light into its full spectrum of colours due to refraction

Longer wavelength

less energy

ROYGBIV

red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet

Concave

curves inward

Convex

curves outward

Convex mirror

disperses light

Concave mirror

converges light

Lense for short sightedness

concave lens

Lens for farsightedness

convex lens

Focal point

where light rays meet

Real image

where light actually converges

Virtual image

where light appears to have converged

Reflection

light bouncing off a substance

Absorption

light is absorbed by objects

Transmission

the movement of light through matter

Angle of incidence

angle of the incoming ray

Angle of reflection

angle of the outgoing ray

What atoms are made up of

neutron, proton and electron

Inside an atoms nucleus

neutrons and protons

Surrounds the nucleus

electrons

Specialised cells

have a unique structure allowing it to perform a specific function in an organism

Connective tissue

connects and supports parts of the body, transports nutrients and waste

Epithelial tissue

connects inner and outer surfaces of the body to protect them

Blood

liquid circulating around the body responsible for transporting nutrients and waste

Red blood cells

carry oxygen

White blood cells

part of the immune system and defends against infections

Platelets

responsible for blood clotting

Components of blood

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

Arteries

large, thick vessels carrying blood away from heart

Veins

large, thin vessels carrying blood to the heart

Capillaries

small, thin vessels carrying blood directly to cells, goes both ways

What’s this

Digestive tract

Small intestine

long, absorbs nutrients

Large intestine

final absorption and converts chyme into faeces

Cellular respiration

an energy producing reaction in cells that uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide

Inhalation

ribcage goes upwards and outwards, diaphragm contracts pulling downwards, volume of chest increases

Exhalation

ribcage goes downward and inwards, diaphragm goes upwards, volume of chest decreases

Epiglottis

separates food and air, food is directed to oesophagus and air is directed to the trachea

Bronchi

two largest tubes, attached to the trachea

Bronchioles

smaller tubes branching out from the bronchi

Alveoli

one cell thick air sacs at the end of a bronchiole, is the site for gas exchange

Gas exchange

diffusion (capillaries and alveoli)

Pancreas

releases juices into small intestine, helping digestion + neutralise stomach acid

Liver

produces bile (breaks down fats)

Gallbladder

stores extra bile, releasing into small intestine

Tissue

A collection of specialised cells working together

Organ

A collection of different tissues working together

Connective tissue

Tissue that connects and supports other cells, tissues, and organs, transporting nutrients and waste.

Muscular system

Moves the body and contracts organs

Circulatory system

Heart contractions circulate blood through vessels, delivering nutrients and removing cell waste

Nervous system

transmits signals throughout the body

Autotrophs

Organisms producing their own food

Accessory organs

Release acids, chemicals, and signals aiding digestion

Mechanical digestion

Breaking down food through physical movements in the body

Chemical digestion

Breaking down food using chemicals in the body

Peristalsis

Contractions in the oesophagus that move food to the stomach

Villi

Small, fingerlike projections in the small intestine that absorb nutrients

Digestive System

Breaks down food into nutrients for absorption by cells

Respiratory System

System for gas exchange, removes carbon dioxide and takes in oxygen

Blood

Liquid circulating in the body, delivering oxygen/nutrients and removing waste

Plasma

Liquid in blood containing water, nutrients, and cell waste, holds other blood cells together

Platelets

Small fragments aiding in blood clotting

Heart

Muscular organ pumping blood throughout the body

Atria

heart chambers receiving and passing blood to ventricles

Ventricles

heart chambers pumping blood out of the heart

Physical change

reaction changing a substance’s properties and appearances, no new substance

Chemical change

reaction when a substance’s composition changes, new substance is formed

Chemical reaction

atoms are rearranged to form a new substance(s)

Exothermic (external)

releases energy to surroundings (creates bonds)

Endothermic (internal)

takes in energy from surroundings (to break bonds)