Y10 Semester 1 HASS Exam

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Treaty of Versailles

Treaty of Versailles

A treaty made in Versailles, France to officially end WW1. Was signed on the 28th of June 1919, and involved many countries, though discussions were dominated by the Big Three (USA, France, and Britain)

Treaty of Versailles Conditions

• Blame Clause (meaning Germany had to pay reparations)

• Army to be made up of at most 100,000, of all volunteers

• No navy, tanks or submarines

• To leave the Rhineland alone

• Give away the Ruhr to the League of Nations for 15 years

Diktat

German word meaning dictated or enforced peace, which referred to how the Treaty of Versailles brought about peace by weakening Germany so much it could not attack

Leaders in WW1 and what they wanted from the ToV

• Woodrow Wilson (US president) wanted to maintain peace, and a League of Nations, did not want to risk another war

• David Lloyd George (UK Prime Minister) wanted to create a trade partnership with Germany, weaken the German navy, and punish Germany, though not to the extent of causing another war

• Georges Clemenceau (French Leader) wanted revenge, compensation, and to weaken Germany to end any chance of retaliation

Life in the 1920’s

In Urban areas, was incredibly prosperous for white people as they saw it as a time to rejoice at the end of WW1. Had many new inventions, new ideas, and innovations become mainstream, like cars, assembly lines, and flappers. Also brought electricity into homes (allowing appliances to help complete jobs quick, giving women more free time), and movies as entertainment. Partying and clubbing became very popular too, with the introduction of jazz music

Assembly Lines

A system of assembling goods in which people used machines to perform repetitive tasks, created by Henry Ford in 1913. Made the production of all goods incredibly cheaper

Flappers

Women who rebelled against societal constraints for them at the time by wearing shorter dresses and hair, and smoking + drinking in public

Who the 1920’s affected

Only really white people who lived in urban areas, as those in the rural areas didn’t experience electricity nor flappers, and non-white people experienced much racism

Impacts of the Great Depression

• Increased crime rates

• Rapidly increased poverty

• Heightened unemployment rate in Australia to 30%

• Homelessness

• Men leaving households, making women the money-makers

• Lessened trust in the government

Pathway to WW2/Hitler’s Acts of Agression

1. Saar Plebiscite

2. Conscription

3. Rhineland

4. Austria

5. Munich Conference

6. Czechoslovakia

7. USSR/NAZI Pact

8. Poland

(+ Germany withdrawing from the League of Nations in Octover 1933)

Saar Plebiscite [scramcup]

The referendum in 1935 in which the people of the Saar coalfields agreed to rejoin Germany

Conscription [scramcup]

Hitler’s reintroduction of conscription into Germany starting in 1935, which was against the ToV, though was met with no resistance

Rhineland [scramcup]

Hitler’s ordering troops to reoccupy the Rhineland (area between Germany and France) on the 7th March, 1936, which was against the ToV

Austria [scramcup]

The Anschluss, when Germany asked, and then forced a union with Austria via annexation (invasion) upon refusal, which was against the ToV in 1938

Munich Conference [scramcup]

The demanding of Hitler for the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia, which was eventually given to him at the Munich Conference (a meeting with Chamberlain, Daladier, and Mussolini) on the 29th of September, 1938

Czechoslovakia [scramcup]

Hitler’s invasion of the rest of Czechoslovakia on the 15th of March, 1939, against his prior promises to Chamberlain, which was against the ToV

USSR/NAZI Pact [scramcup]

The pact made between Germany and the USSR in August 1939, done by Hitler as he desired to control Poland, and wanted to deter Britain from declaring war, who had agreed to support Poland when invaded

Poland [scramcup]

Hitler’s invasion of Poland on the 1st of September, 1939, leading Britain and the rest of the Commonwealth to declare war on the 3rd, starting WW2

Mukden Incident

An incident caused in 1931 by the Japanese military near the Chinese town of Mukden in order to gain some control of China. Soldiers blew up a part of a railway line and blamed it on the Chinese, using this as an excuse to take control of the region. This was highly criticised and led to Japan leaving the LoN

Japan - Path to War

In the 1920’s, Japan experienced many struggles, having an earthquake in 1923, getting very little from the ToV, and going through the Great Depression combined with newly put up tariff barriers which extremely hurt their economy. The Japanese army used this as opportunity to gain power, and began fighting without permission from the emperor, eventually causing the Mukden incident. Japan slowing had begun rebuilding it’s economy, and in 1937, declared war on China in order to get their vast natural resources, which Japan lacked

Weinmar Republic

The form of Government used by Germany from 1919-1933, which was a democratic republic and was widely blamed for the ToV due to being the government to sign it.

NAZI Party

Originally the DAP (German Workers’ Party), which was renamed to the National Socialist German Worker’s Party in 1921, and came into power in 1933, led by Hitler. Had extreme nationalist and antisemitic views, blaming Jews for the loss of WW1. Rose to power as a result of Hitler taking advantage of the struggle experienced by Germany, promising to restore Germany to its former glory

Gustav Stresemann

The second leader of the Weinmar Republic, who introduced the Rentenmark, encouraged people to work, made reparations more realistic, and secured loans for Germany, all done to try repair the economy after the hyperinflation issue

Policy of Britain and France Pre-WW2

The policy of appeasement, in which they gave into Hitler’s demands in order to prevent war as much as possible. Can be seen in them allowing Germany to break the ToV several times, like reintroducing conscription

Policy of USA Pre-WW2

The policy of isolationism, in which they did not seek to involve themself in European affairs, though this ended with Japan’s bombing of Pearl Harbour, forcing them into WW2

Policy of Japan Pre-WW2

The policy of expansionism, in which they seeked to gain territory to expand their empire and gain more resources

Fascism

A system of government in which people are led by a powerful ruler, as a dictator, that controls the people. Commonly manages opposing ideals through violence and propaganda, and comes from a sense extreme nationalism. This was used by Germany, Italy, and Japan

Communism

A system of government in which all resources and methods of production are owned by the state, and are distributed to the public. Was used by the Soviet Union

Democracy

A system of government in which people control how they can be governed. Was used by the US, France, Britain, and the Commonwealth (Australia, Canada, etc.)

The Third Reich

The period of Hitler’s rule on Germany, in which people had few personal freedoms, were persecuted if not part of Hitler’s ideal world (such as Jews, disabled people, and free thinkers like artists), and were encouraged to report anyone who opposed him

Führer

The supreme leader of a country. Was created in Germany in 1934, when Hitler combined the roles of Chancellor and President, giving him all of the power, and making him the dictator of Germany

Mein Kampf

Hitler’s ‘manifesto’, and was a book he wrote in 1923 while in prison in which he outlined his plans for future Germany through the NAZI party, including his plan to overtake the Soviet Union, as well as to exterminate Jews

Significant Leaders in WW2

• Neville Chamberlain (May 1937-39) - Britain

• Winston Churchill (1940-45) - Britain

• Franklin Roosevelt (1933 - 45) - America

• Harry Truman (1945 - 53) - America

• Joseph Stalin (1924-53) - Soviet Union

Experiences of Australians in WW2

• Prisoners of War

• Battle of Britain

• Kokoda Campaign

• Fall of Singapore

Australians Experiencing becoming POWs

After the fall of Singapore, ~22,000 Australians became prisoners of war to the Japanese, who treated them extremely poorly, some being massacred, and all being put to harsh forced labour

Battle of Britain

Started in July 1940, with Germany utilising Blitzkrieg tactics to invade Britain. At first, the British airforce was bombed by the Luftwaffe to allow German boats to arrive. Due to resistance, German began bombing Britain’s cities (the time known as the Blitz). Germany faced harsh opposition from the Royal Air Force, leading to them ending their bombings to focus on Operation Barbarossa in May 1941

The Kokoda Trail Campaign

The campaign which involved the Japanese going through the 96km Kokoda Trail in New Guinea from the town Kokoda to Port Moresby. Had the Australian army and Papua New Guinean volunteers create the Maroubra Force, a force filled with few young, inexperienced soldiers with little supplies, who had to fight against the powerful Japanese. This lasted from the 21st of July to November 13th, 1942

Kokoda Trail Events

Begun when Japan landed at the Kokoda Trail on the 21st of January, 1942, and the Maroubra Force had trekked up the trail on the 15th. The first battle was on the 23rd at the Kumusi River, though the Force was pushed back down to Kokoda, where a bloody battle occurred. The Force retreated to Deniki due to their lack of supplies and troops, and though they tried, could not retake over Kokoda. After the Maroubra force took a two week break, they returned to the fighting at the town of Isurava (further down the trail), and while they lost again to the Japanese, they started getting reinforcements from the RAF. The Japanese military kept pushing onward, until past halfway through the trail, they started running out of supplies. This allowed the Maroubra Force, now with actual supplies thanks to the RAF’s support to push back against the Japanese, and win battles like at Imita Bridge, eventually pushing back to Kokoda, and winning the town on the 2nd of November.

Fall of Singapore

Occurred on the 15th of February, 1942, when Singapore surrendered to Japanese invasion, which was initially thought impossible

Attack on Pearl Harbour

Occurred on the 7th of December, 1941, and was an attack and bombing by Japan on the American Fleet to attempt weakening the USA and preventing their involvement in the Pacific Front. This proved unsuccessful, and ended the US’s isolationist policy, bringing them into WW2 by declaring war on Japan, with Australia

The Holocaust

The systematic extermination of Jews and other minorities which had begun in 1941 in Nazi Germany. First involved putting them in ghettos, then concentration camps of different types (like forced labour, death, POWs, etc.), then later in 1941, mass shootings occurred that killed at estimation 1.6 million Jews. The final part which began in Jan 1942, was the “Final Solution”, in which it was planned to attempt killing the rest of the 11 million jews in Europe. Overall, this operation, due to a combination of both the camps and awful conditions Jews had to live through, killed roughly 6 million jews

The Auschwitz

The largest camp run by the Nazis, which was a death camp in which Jews unfit to do the forced labour were sent to be gassed and cremated

The atomic bombings

The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, on the 6th and 9th of August, 1945, respectively. Made Emperor Hirohito notify the allies he would surrender on the 14th of August, and officially surrender on the 2nd of September, making that the end of the War, after 6 years.

The Hiroshima Bomb

Was known as the ‘Little Boy’, and was dropped on the 6th of August, 1945. Killed 80,000 people initially, and injured 70,000, as well as destroying 70% of the city. Killed 90-150,000 people by the end of 1945, and 200,000 by 1950 due to the side effects

The Nagasaki Bomb

Was known as the ‘Fat Man’, and was dropped on the 9th of August, 1945, due to Japan not responding to the Potsdam Declaration after the Hiroshima Bomb. Killed 40-75,000 people on impact, and roughly 74,000 were injured. Killed at least 80,000 after by 1950 due to side-effects

Reason Australia was involved in WW2

• Was obligated to as a result of being a Commonwealth country

Causes of WW2 [not scramcup]

• Italy and Japan felt humiliated that they got little from the ToV

• The devastation Germany experienced helped the rise of the NAZI party

• Japan had broken relations with the West after its racial equality clause was dismissed

• Hardship experienced brought the rise of fascism

Course of WW2

At first Germany was incredilbly successful, winning battles quickly against Poland, France, Denmark, and the Netherlands, from 1939-1940 thanks to their Blitzkrieg tactics. The turning point began in Operation Barbarossa, 22nd of June, 1941, where the Axis Powers invaded the Soviet Union, causing the bloodiest battle of history. This ended in the loss for Germany due to their lack of preparation for the Russian Winter, leading to a series of German defeats. In December, 1941, Japan became more involved in the war by bombing Pearl Harbour. The Japanese conquered many territories in the Pacific, like Singapore, China, and the Phillipines, though experienced losses when trying to attack Australia in 1943 through Port Moresby. Ending with Germany and Japan surrendering in 1945, Germany due to Hitler’s suicide, and Japan due to the atomic bombings

Formula for Time (in minutes)

(Distance in km x 60)/Speed in km/hr

Formula for distance

Speed x Time

How to Determine flow of a river

1. When going through contour lines on a mountain, the contour lines point away from where the river is flowing

2. Smaller sub-rivers (tributaries) connect to river pointing towards where it is flowing

Sustainability

The ongoing ability of the environment to be able to support and maintain the life of all things on Earth in the present and future

Environment change to land caused by humans

The mass deforestation done by human for the expanding of cities/farms and resources, has removed over three quarters of forest’s land cover originally, and is still continuing. As well as this, the overuse of fertile soil has led to a loss of fertility, and increased salinity and erosion of soil

Environmental change to water caused by humans

Fresh water is essential for all life on Earth, though it is limited, and 70% of it that is in human’s hands is used for irrigation. To get it, rivers are diverted and dammed to allow farmers and city dwellers to take it, though this causes water shortages in smaller towns and environments. As well as this, pollutants thrown in water have made much undrinkable, killing many animals reliant on it

Environmental change to the atmosphere causes by humans

While the atmosphere is essential from protecting all life from ultra-violet rays and freezing temperatures, it has been heavily degrading in various ways due to negligence. Fossil fuels have added too much carbon dioxide, enhancing the greenhouse effect, and some chemicals (like chlorofluorocarbons/CFCs) degrade the ozone layer or cause acid rain

Land degradation

The loss of productivity/fertility of soil in land-based environments, which affects roughly 25% of the total of Earth’s surface, and 38% of farmed areas. Has three main types: soil degradation, soil erosion, and ecosystem decline

Soil degradation

The degradation of land through the loss of fertility of soil, generally due to chemical changes. Can occur in ways like becoming to compacted due to machinery, or becoming to acidic like through built up fertiliser. Is most present in Australia in the issue of salinity, where there is too much salt in the top layer of soil

Soil erosion

The degradation of land through the gradual wearing away of soil due to natural processes, like the wind, rain, or rivers. Human activities amplify this in ways like clearing trees, which remove the roots, making soil loose. Occurs in three main types, wind erosion, sheet erosion (loss of topsoil in a large area), and gully erosion (water clearing areas of soil)

Ecosystem decline

The degradation of land through damage to the overall ecosystem, damaged as a result of clearing vegetation, invasion of alien species, or decline in water quality. Can lead to desertification if combined with soil degradation, especially if area is close to a desert

Why the atmosphere is important to all life on Earth

• Protects life from dangerous ultraviolet rays

• Keeps in heat through the greenhouse effect, preventing everything from freezing

• Provides gases like oxygen necessary to life

• Determines weather conditions

Ways humans have impacted on the Atmosphere

1. The air pollution caused by factories, vehicles, houses, fossil fuels and deforestation have degraded the air, ruining the air quality

2. The release of CFC (chlorofluorocarbons), among other gases, have heavily damaged the ozone layer, creating a hole over Antarctica

3. The releasing of sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides have spread the issue of acid rain, rain with pollutants dissolved within it

Air Pollution

An impact of people on the atmosphere. Causes a degrade in air quality due to factories, houses, and vehicles, which can cause issues like severe asthma, heart disease, and death, and especially effects people in third world countries with less sanitation and ventilation. The burning of fossil fuels and deforestation increase the amount of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides, which are all greenhouse gases, and increase the Earth’s temperature, which is currently causing global warming

Ozone Layer Depletion

The release of CFCs (when they were used) into the atmosphere from fridges, ACs, and aerosols like bug spray has caused a degrading in the ozone layer, which is recovering now, but is still an issue, especially in Antarctica which experienced depletion more due to the stratosphere being incredibly cold

Acid Rain

An issue caused by the release of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide (mainly from fossil fuels, vehicles, and manufacturing), which are spread by wind and then react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulphuric and nitric acids. Due to the wind spreading it, this can spread over long distances and affect everyone, increasing the acidity of soil and water

Layers of the Atmosphere

1. Troposphere

2. Stratosphere

3. Mesosphere

4. Thermosphere

Evaporation

The turning of water into water vapour due to the Sun’s heat, making it go high in the atmosphere

Condensation

The cooling of water in the atmosphere, causing it to become liquid again, and form clouds

Transpiration

The part of the water cycle where water is evaporated from plants and leaves

Infiltration

A part of the water cycle where water seeps into the soil

Factors that have contributed to Water Degradation

1. The damming of rivers, which floods some areas, and dries out others due to how it changes the course of rivers. Also disrupts the ecosystem in ways like stopping the distribution of water to soil

2. Pollutants in water, which contaminates our waterbodies, and can be caused by things like oil spills, or fishing next to water, or things like fertiliser, bug spray, and littering on land. Reduces peoples access to fresh water, kills animals who live near and around water, causes famines, and a decline health

Example of Water pollution

Lake Chad, which was one of the largest lakes in Africa, that was 23000km² in 1963, making it one of the largest in the world, and provided fresh water to four countries. As a result of increasing desertification, increasing demand for water for farming, growing population, drying of climate, and increased evaporation, this lake had become a measly 600km² by 2001

Operation Barbarossa

The plans Germany had to invade the Soviet Union, which was enacted on the 22nd of June, 1941. Involved Russia against Germany and various other countries in the Axis Powers (like the Slovak Republic, Austria, and Italy), amassing over three million soldiers. Began with Germany attacking towards the north (to Leningrad), the middle (to Moscow), and to the South (to Ukraine), utilising the Blitzkrieg strategy. The surprise of the battle allowed Germany to gain much territory very quickly as the Russian military was weak and unprepared. Russia won at the end, due to Germany being unprepared for the Russian Winter