NDT Exam 2 LO 39-46 ( 5th Slideshow)

what is the direct motor loop

direct pathway to initiate motor movements (start)

what is the indirect pathway

to inhibit competing/ unwanted movements

what is parkinson’s disease

• Degeneration of dopamine neurons in substantia nigra

• Too much inhibition of movement

• Symptoms:

  • Bradykinesia (slow movement)

  • Rigidity

  • Tremor

  • Difficulty initiating movement

what is Huntington’s disease

• Genetic (autosomal dominant)

• Degeneration of basal nuclei neurons

• Symptoms:

  • Hyperkinesia (excess movement)

  • Dyskinesia (abnormal movements)

  • Dementia

  • Uncontrolled spontaneous movements

what are the two types of motivation

neurochemical and homeostatic

what is neurochemical motivation

• Happiness-related neurotransmitters:

  • Serotonin

  • Endorphins

  • Oxytocin

• Dopamine

  • Activates limbic reward system

  • Links behavior with pleasure

  • Reinforces motivated behavior

Drug Effects

• Opioids & nicotine increase dopamine release

• Withdrawal → decreased dopamine

what is homeostatic motivation ex. thirst

• Hypothalamus monitors blood osmolarity

• Hypertonicity activates thirst centers

• ADH release → water retention

• Drives drinking behavior

what are the types of learning

associative and non-associative

what is associative learning

• Learning relationships between events

• Classical conditioning

• Instrumental (operant) conditioning

what is non-associative learning

• Response changes to a single stimulus

• Habituation → decreased response

• Sensitization → increased response

what is long term potentiation

• Strengthening of synapses

• Increased synaptic efficiency

• Basis of learning & memory formation

what is long term depression

• Weakening of synaptic connections

• Removes unnecessary pathways

• Helps refine neural circuits

what are the four types of brain waves and when do they occur

• Alpha

  • Awake, relaxed, eyes closed

• Beta

  • Alert, thinking, mental activity

• Theta

  • Sleep or emotional stress

• Delta

  • Deep sleep

what are the types of epilepsy

• Tonic

  • muscles in the body become stiff

• Clonic

  • periods of shaking/ jerking parts of the body

• Tonic-Clonic

  • both; fall to ground + have spasms

what are the different stages of sleep

Non-REM Sleep

1. Stage 1 — drifting/light sleep

2. Stage 2 — light sleep

3. Stage 3 — vital signs decrease

4. Stage 4 — deep sleep, hard to awaken

REM Sleep

• Rapid eye movements

• Dreaming occurs

• EEG resembles awake brain

• Increased vital signs

• Muscle paralysis

Controlled by the hypothalamus, reticular formation, thalamus, and cerebral cortex

what are the structures of the basal nuclei

• Caudate nucleus

• Putamen

• Globus pallidus
  → collectively part of basal ganglia

what is the function of the basal nuclei

• Initiate slow, controlled voluntary movements

• Suppress unwanted movements

• Help select which movement occurs

what is required for the control of voluntary movements

• Knowing current body position (sensory feedback)

• Knowing intended movement goal

• Selecting a movement plan

• Sending motor commands to execute plan

what is the motor control hierarchy

• High level (Strategy)

  • Association cortex & basal nuclei

  • Decides goal of movement

• Middle level (Tactics)

  • Motor cortex & cerebellum

  • Plans movement sequence

• Low level (Execution)

  • Brainstem & spinal cord

  • Activates muscles

what is the corticospinal tract

• Upper motor neurons originate in precentral gyrus

• Fibers form medullary pyramids

• Decussate (cross) at medulla

• Control contralateral body movement

• Upper motor neurons synapse on lower motor neurons in spinal cord

• Excite agonist muscles & inhibit antagonists