female reproductive system | gen bio ii

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reproductive system

to perpetuate the species through sexual or germ cell fertilization and reproduction; consist of primary & secondary sex organs and sex glands

uterus

a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ about the size of a woman’s clenched fist; is supported and held in position by a number of ligaments

corpus (body), bottom cervix, fundus

3 parts of the uterus

fundus

rounded top portion above the fallopian tubes

trauma, disease, multiple pregnancies

the uterus can be weakened by ____, ____,and __________ and can result in abnormal positioning

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

3 layers of the uterus

perimetrium

outer layer of uterus

myometrium

thick layer of muscle in the uterus

endometrium

the mucus membrane lining the uterus that sheds during menstruation

cervix

neck of the womb/uterus and its opening is about the diameter of a pencil

sheds lining every 21-40 days, place for protection & nourishment, contracts during labor

3 functions of uterus

fallopian tube

a 4-6 inch long tube that captures and transports the egg from ovary to uterus (takes 3-4 days to travel) and is where fertilization occurs

isthmus

portion of the fallopian tube that connects to uterus

fimbria

finger-like projections around opening that catches egg as it leaves the ovary

ostium

opening of the fallopian tube

infundibulum

end of the fallopian tube

ampulla

fallopian tube widens to form ____; curves over the ovary and is the primary site of fertilization

ovaries

• oval-shaped organs about the size of a large olive that lie close to the fimbria at the end of the fallopian tubes + attached to each side of uterus by a ligament

• produces mature eggs and female sex hormones (estrogen & progesterone)

follicles

egg containing sacs found in ovaries

graafian

a mature follicle that ripens in one ovary after 21 days

ovulation

when the follicle ruptures to hormones from the pituitary gland, releasing the second oocyte

corpus luteum

a mass of yellow cells that forms after the follicle ruptures; a temporary, progesterone-producing structure

primordial follicle > primary follicles > secondary (vesicular) follicle > ruptured follicle > corpus luteum > corpus albicans

maturation of a follicle (6)

vagina

a 3 ½ inch long muscular tube and female organ for copulation, receiving the seminal fluid from the male penis; the passageway for menstruation or the birth of a fetus

vulva

five organs that make up the external genitalia of the female

mons pubis

triangular-shaped pad of fatty tissue over the pubis bond, covered with pubic hair

labia majora

2 large folds of adipose tissue on the sides of the vaginal opening

labia minora

2 smaller folds of adipose tissue on the inside of the labia majora

vestibule

area between labia with openings for the vagina, urethra, and two excretory ducts for Bartholin’s glands (provide lubricant)

clitoris

sensitive fold of tissue partially covered by hood

perineum

a muscular sheet that can be torn during childbirth

episiotomy

a surgical incision that doctors to the perineum to avoid uncontrolled tearing

breasts

the mammary glands; each of these has 15-20 glandular lobes separated by connective tissue

lobules

the glands that produce milk due to stimulation via the pituitary gland with the hormone PROLACTIN after childbirth

areola

dark-colored circle at tip of breast; contains sebaceous glands to keep the skin conditioned

nipple

center of breast where ducts from the lobules open; can (1) produce milk and (2) react to different sensations)

colostrum

a thin yellowish substance that is first secreted from the breast, but is not true milk; contains nutrients and mother’s immunities that can protect the baby

menstrual cycle

process of sloughing off the inner lining of the uterus once a month; begins at puberty (menarche) and ceases at menopause

follicular phase, ovulatory phase, luteal phase

3 phases of the menstrual cycle

follicular phase

shedding of endometrium due to no egg that was fertilized or implanted

ovulatory phase

ovaries produce estrogen which stimulates the maturation of the follicle and thickens the endometrium

luteal phase

characterized by development of the corpus luteum, secretion of progesterone, preparation of endometrium for implantation, and formation of thick mucus to block cervix once egg pass out of fallopian tube

1st trimester

all parts of fetus are formed (pregnancy)

2nd trimester

all parts will become functional (pregnancy)

3rd trimester

fetus goes through growth & development (pregnancy)

cephalic, breech, caesarian

3 types of childbirth

cephalic

headfirst delivery

breech

backward presentation

caesarian

delivery through incision in the abdomen

vernix caseosa

cheesy coating of a newborn baby that protected skin before birth

lanugo

downy hair covering the newborn baby that protected skin before birth

placenta previa, preeclampsia, miscarriage

some complications of pregnancy

placenta previa

development of the placenta over opening of cervix

preeclampsia

pregnancy-induced hypertension (high-blood pressure)

spontaneous abortion or miscarriage

loss of fetus due to abnormalities, trauma, or lifestyle choices

ovum

the female reproductive cell

corona radiata

a protective layer of follicular cells of the ovum that is penetrated by the head of the sperm; once penetrated, chemical reactions repel other sperms

zona pellucida

a protective jelly-like structure of the ovum