Lesson 90 - Viral Diarrhea

What type of virus is rotavirus?

enteric viruses

What type of virus is adenovirus?

enteric virus and virome virus that causes no clinical signs

What type of virus is calicivirus?

enteric virus

What type of virus is astrovirus?

enteric virus

What type of virus is coronavirus?

enteric virus

What type of virus is canine distemper virus?

systemic virus

What type of virus is canine parvovirus?

systemic virus

What type of virus is feline panleukopenia?

systemic virus

What type of virus is bovine viral diarrhea?

systemic virus

What is an enteric virus?

viruses that restrict their replication to the epithelial cells lining the small and/or large intestine

What type of viruses cause clinical signs?

enteric viruses and systemic viruses

What is the virome?

entire population of viruses present in and on human body

What viruses cause no clinical signs and just pass through the GI?

reovirus, adenovirus, enterovirus

What are the mild clinical signs of viral gastroenteritis?

mild vomiting and diarrhea with or without systemic disease

What are severe clinical signs of viral gastroenteritis?

profuse, acute, severe vomiting and diarrhea associated with rapid dehydration and severe disturbance of acid-base and electrolyte imbalance

How does gastroenteritis cause death?

hypovolemic shock and/or secondary septicemia; sometimes in as few as 12 hours

What animals experience gastroenteritis?

cats, dogs, pigs

What animals experience enteritis?

ruminants and horses

What are examples of viruses causing gastroenteritis?

canine parvovirus and distemper, feline panleukopenia, coronavirus

What are examples of viruses causing enteritis?

rotavirus, coronavirus, bovine viral diarrhea

How do viral infections affect the intestinal wall?

villi shortening

Why do viruses cause malabsorption?

decreases absorptive surface area by villi shortening

What cells do rotaviruses affect?

enterocytes on the tip of the villi in the small intestine

What type of diarrhea does rotavirus cause and why?

nsp4 acts as a toxin causing secretory diarrhea

What cells does parvovirus affect?

rapidly dividing cells of the small-intestinal crypt epithelium, lymphopoietic tissue, and bone marrow

What type of diarrhea does parvovirus lead to and why?

exudative diarrhea because of disrupted gut barrier causing potential for bacterial translocation

Where does parvovirus replication initially occur?

lymphoid tissue of the oropharynx

What part of the intestine does rotavirus affect?

small intestine

What part of the intestine does coronavirus affect?

large and small intestine

How do enteric viruses usually enter the body?

fecal-oral route

What is the structure of most enteric viruses?

naked

What is important for neonates to help prevent viral diarrhea?

colostrum

What adult animals can get viral diarrhea?

unvaccinated and immunocompromised

How do systemic viruses enter the body?

variety of routes then spread to the GI through blood

What is diarrhea in calves referred to as?

milk scours

What are the most common causes of viral diarrhea in calves?

rotaviruses and coronavirus

What age of calves is associated with the rotavirus?

1-6 days

What age of calves is associated with the coronavirus?

7-10 days

What are important ways to prevent viral diarrhea?

vaccination, colostrum, hygiene

What animals do we vaccinate to prevent viral diarrhea?

cows, sows, mares

What viruses are cats and dogs not vaccinated against?

rotavirus and coronavirus

What is the general treatment idea for viral diarrhea?

supportive

What is the treatment for viral diarrhea in calves?

oral fluids; IV for severe

What is the treatment for viral diarrhea in dogs and cats?

intravenous fluids

When do we want to use antibiotics for viral diarrhea?

gut mucosal barrier is compromised and there is a risk for secondary bacteremia

What animals can antivirals not be given to?

food animals

What is an important treatment for parvo?

Canine parvovirus monoclonal antibody used as single IV dose