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Ion
Charged particle formed by gaining or losing electrons
Cation
Positive ion formed by losing electrons
Anion
Negative ion formed by gaining electrons
Metals form ions by
Losing electrons
Non‑metals form ions by
Gaining electrons
Group 1 metals
Lose 1 electron → form +1 ions
Group 2 metals
Lose 2 electrons → form +2 ions
Group 3 metals
Lose 3 electrons → form +3 ions
Group 5 non‑metals
Gain 3 electrons → form –3 ions
Group 6 non‑metals
Gain 2 electrons → form –2 ions
Group 7 halogens
Gain 1 electron → form –1 ions
Reason metals lose electrons
To achieve full outer shell (noble gas configuration)
Reason non‑metals gain electrons
To achieve full outer shell
Electron loss effect
Ion becomes positively charged
Electron gain effect
Ion becomes negatively charged
Example: sodium
Na → Na⁺ + e⁻
Example: magnesium
Mg → Mg²⁺ + 2e⁻
Example: chlorine
Cl + e⁻ → Cl⁻
Example: oxygen
O + 2e⁻ → O²⁻
Ionic charge depends on
Number of electrons lost or gained
Dot‑and‑cross diagrams
Show electron transfer between atoms
Ions have full outer shells
Makes them stable