Chapter 22

When was the piano invented? and by who?

When was the piano invented? and by who?

1700 by Bartolomeo Cristofori

(1655-1732)

String Quartet

most popular form of chamber music in 18th century

What instruments are in a string quartet

2 violins, vioa, chello

Sonata Forms

sonata form

sonata-allegro form

or

first-movement form

The Sonata

3 to 4 movements

Evolution of "Sonata Form"

"rounded binary"

"binary"

Rounded Binary Form

||: A :||: B - (A) :||

I-V V----i

"Rounded" Binary

(expanded)

||: A :||: B (expanded) - A :||

||: 1-2:||: (1)------------- 1-2:||

I-V V--------"x"----I---

"sonata form"

"binary form"

||: (A). :||: (B. A). :||

||: exposition:||: Dev. | Recap :||

||: i------V---:||:---x---------|I----I---:||

Keyboard Music

Domenico Scarlatti

(1685-1757)

Domenic Scarlatti

influenced by pre-classic "galant" style

Sonata in D Major K. 119

Domenic Scarlatti

"rounded binary"

||: A. :||: B-(A) :||

I---V. V---I

Orchestral Music @ mid-century

The Symphony

The Symphony

- major orchestral genre of mid to late 18th - century

- influenced by Italian opera overture

How was the Symphony influenced by Italian opera overture?

break into 3 movements: F-S-F

fast-slow-fast

"Sinfonias" - orchestral prelude to a vocal work

Giovanni Battista Sammartini

1701-175

composed: Symphony in F Major, No. 32, 1st mvt.

||: A :||: B-----A---:||

||: 1-:||: (1)-----1---:||

||: I-v:||: V--x--I---:||

Empfindsamkeit

style of musical composition and poetry development in the 18th-century

germany intended to express "true and natural" feelings, and featuring sudden contrasts of moods

C.P.E. Bach

founder of the classical style

"Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments"

1753-1761

C.P.E. Bach

important treatise on musical ornamentation

C.P.E. Bach's musical characteristics

1. expresive melodies

2. chromaticism

3. unusual turns of the melody

4. ornamentation

5. sfz accents

"sturm und drang"

storm and stress

"sturm und drang" purpose

- Germany literary movement that exalted nature, feeling, and human individualism

- evokes tempestuous minor-key symphonies

Mannhiem School

c. 1740

created by Johann Stamitz (1717-1757)

- also know as Mannheim "Roll" and Mannheim "Rocket"

Sonfonia a 8 in E-flat Major, Op. II, No. 3, 1st Mvt.

Mannheim School

:||: 1-2 :||: (fragments)---- 2-1 :||

:||: I-V :||: V------x---------I-I :||

What did Mannheim School do?

Began to add a dance related movement

Symphony Concertante

concerto like work with 2 or more instruments

instruments + full orchestra

Concerto

a musical composition for a solo instrument or instruments accompanied by an orchestra

Johann Christian Bach

1735-1782

- main composer for concertos

- well-known for writing keyboard concertos

- heavily influenced Mozart's piano concertos

Who heavily influenced Mozart's concertos?

Johann Christian Bach

J.C. Bach was known as...

"London Bach"

J.C. Bach's Life

- to milan at age 20

- studied with Padre Martini

Concerto for Harpsichord or Piano and Strings in E-flat Major, Op. 7, No. 5, 1st Mvt.

J.C. Bach

"sontata-concerto" form

| orch rit. | Solo rit. | Dev. |O/rit. |Orch. |

| 1-----ct.-| 1-----2---| NT---| 1--ct.//| Coda|

|I------I--| I-----V---| X-----| I---I 6/4| I---|

The Symphony Orchestra

gradually changes in use of Basso Continuo

c. 1775 to 1800 - gradually discard B.C.

Baroque Orchestra

TRIO

-violins double by woodwinds play melody

-BC played harmony

-Bass played Bassline

Classical Orchestra

- W.W. harmony supplied by harpsichord

- role of conductor changed

- all essential music material now given to strings

Classical Orchestra Conductor Role?

changed from Harpsichordist to 1st violinist

How was essential music given to strings in Classical Orchestra?

W.W. doubled harmony (or filled)

Mannheim “roll” technique

cresecondo passage having a rising melodic line over an ostinato bass line

Mannheim “rocket”

a technique produced by the Mannheim orchestra in which a rising figure speeds up and grows loud as it rose higher and higher