HEDONISM

obtain pleasure and avoid pain

many actions are motivated by the desire to

Troland's 3 Types of Stimlation;

Beneception, Noiception, neutroception

beneception

arouses pleasant feelings

nociception

arouses unpleasant feelings

neutroception

neither pleasant nor unpleasant

3 properties of stimuli

1. sign
2. intensity
3. duration

hedonic intensity may not be related to

sensory intensity

Pfaffmann experiment for sense motivation:

rats showing aversion to the taste of salty fluid

Sheffield

substances that taste sweet but are not nutritious are rewarding

Purpose of pain

alerts us to injury and pain can be greater than the size of the injury

Melzack's and Wall's Pain Theory

pain is more than the perception of pain stimuli

gate control theory

some say: higher brain controls experience of pain
others: gate utilizes endorphins

parts of brain involved in pain modulation:

thalamus
limbic system
prefrontal cortex
somatosensory cortex
cingulate cortex
spinal cord

harlow

external stimuli can motivate behavior directly
people seek external stimuli

importance of harlow

previous studies on motivation centers around homeostasis and drive reduction

2 groups of monkeys given mechanical problems

monkeys not rewarded maintained interest longer

berlyne and montegomery

changing stimuli motivates animals and people. arousal increases and boredom decreases

hebb

moderate changes are reinforcing. the body and brain need to be active.

play depends on

memories of early experiences

harlow

found evidence against attachment of infant monkeys to mother = attributed to hunger satisfaction
- wire mothers w milk
- cloth mothers w out milk
monkeys went to wire mothers for milk but went to cloth mother for security

thompson and melzack

experiment of scottish terriers

isolation of terriers led to:

hyper-exploratory behavior
non-avoidance of painful objects
deficient problem solving
being less obidient

kittens raised in dark cages:

become motor impaired and hyperexcitable

hirsh and spinelli:

developmental restrictions alter patterns of preferred stimuli

deprivation dwarfism of children w out good parents

usually have reduced bone development, avoid eye contact , and do not smile

deprivation dwarfism can be reversed if

one is removed from the environment

solomon and corbit

initial hedonic reaction state A is followed by opposite state B

expectancy value theory

motivated behavior depends of the value of the goal and the expectancy of obtaining the goal

bindra;

central state occurs when internal drive cooccurs w external stimuli

tolman's purposive behavior

behavior is molar: to be studied as whole not reduced to parts

purposive behavior characteristics

persistent, consistent, and selectivity

other ideas of tolman

learning and performance are separate
expectancies developed of behaviors will help lead to goal
organisms form cognitive map of environment

lewin's force field theory

psychological needs that are cognitive in nature ; human behavior is the result of the confilcting forces acting on the person

tension could come from

physiological need ie hunger thirst sex.

zeigarnik effect:

interrupted tasks are recalled better than completed tasks because tension is still present

criticisms of lewin:

1. did not define terms properly
2. did not suggest WHEN and WHY psychological facts chnage
3. analyses were post hoc isntead of suggesting hypothesis ahead of experiment
4. lack porper controls

applications of expectancy value therory

social learning theory, achievment motivation, social loafing

social learning theory

combination of internal and external factors that influence behavior

internal factors of social learning theory

expectancies and subjective values

external factors of social learning theory

social situations