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What is the name of cells produced by mitosis? What is the name of cells produced by meiosis?
Mitosis= somatic cells
Meiosis= gametes
Which of the two processes produced identical daughter cells?
Mitosis
What is cytokinesis and when does it occur?
Cytokinesis is cell division. It occurs At the end of mitosis and at the end of meiosis 1 and meiosis 2.
What are histone proteins and why are they important?
Histone proteins are responsible for packaging DNA into a compact structure called chromatin so they can fit in the nucleus.
What is chromatin?
A DNA molecule complexed with histone proteins
What is a chromosome?
A structure containing genetic information in the form of genes
What is a gene?
A section of DNA that influences a trait
What is the relationship between a gene and a chromosome?Which organelle are they found in?
A gene is one spot on a chromosome that influences a trait. A chromosome is made up of multiple genes. They are found in the nucleus.
What are sister chromatids? Does a chromosome become two chromosomes after replication? Explain why not?
Sister chromatids are chromatid copies that remain attached at a centromere.
What is a centromere?
Specialized regions of chromosomes where sister chromatids are most closely joined to each other
What are cohesins and why are they important?
Proteins that keep sister chromatids together. Keep chromatids attached along their entire length.
What is interphase, and what are its subphases? What happens in each one of these phases? What is the G0 phase and why is it important?
Interphase is the non-dividing phase. The subphrases are G1,S, and G2. G0 is the arrested state for non-dividing cells that are permanently stuck in G1. IT is important because cells can exit the cell cycle at G0 if they are not ready to be replicated.
What is Mitosis, and what are its five subphases.
Mitosis is the dividing phase
PPMAT- prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Compare and contrast polar, non-polar and astral microtubules.
polar- Go from one centriole to the other without connection to a chromosome. Helps elongate the cell.
kinetochore- Attach to the centimeter help put in middle in metaphase and pull apart in anaphase
Astral- Hold everything in place. Anchor. Keep centrioles in place by attaching to the cell membrane.
How does animal and plant cytokinesis differ?
Animal and plant cytokinesis differ because plant cells have a cell wall.
Why is it important for cells to have checkpoints?
Without check points cells would divide uncontrollably without regard to number of cells or wether a cell is healthy enough to be replicated.
What role do MPF, Cyclin and CDK play in the cell cycle? How is phosphorylation related to the turning on/off of MPF?
MPF= M phase- promoting factor. Made up of Cyclin subunit and cyclin-dependent kinase. Cyclin is the protein that cycles up and down(increases during interphase, peaks in M phase, before decreasing again, and it binds to cyclin-dependent kinase to active it.
Describe how levels of cyclin and CDK change across the cell cycle?
Cyclin= cyclic
CDK= constant
Know the 4 different cell cycle checkpoints and which factors determine the “Crossing” of each one of these checkpoints.
G1 Checkpoint- Size, Availability of nutrients, social signals from other cells, and damage to DNA.
G2 Checkpoint- Chromosome replication and damage to DNA.
M-phase 1st Checkpoint- ensures sister chromatids do not split until all kinetochores are attached to the spindle apparatus
M-phase 2nd checkpoint- ensures the chromosomes have fully separated.
What is the role of a tumor suppressor gene? Why is p53 important?
p53 is an example of a tumor suppressor gene that can either pause the cell cycle until cells are repaired or initiate a programmed cell death. It is important because 80% of cancers are caused by a mutation in this gene.
What is a chromatid?
Each double stranded DNA copy.
Note 
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