high middle ages

parliament

• Legislative group 

• met to discuss changes of taxes

• Built of two groups: Burgesses + Knights = House of commons & Nobles + Bishops = House of Lords

• November 1295→knights, burgesses, bishops, lords meet → Model Parliament (diverse social makeup)plp

• 1300-1400→King call burgesses/knights for new tax →group called House of Commons 

  • nobles/bishops→House of Lords

• First met in 1295

• Purpose: checked royal power

• Burgess = wealthy/owned property

• Model Parliament - model for parliaments in future societies

saladin

• 3rd Crusade

• 1187: Jerusalem fell to the sultan of muslims (emperor saladin) 

• king Richard + Saladin = truce

richard the lion hearted

• English king

• 3rd crusade started w/3 leaders, ended with him

• truce w/Saladin in 1192

• Good military leader

• Gave Europeans power to pilgrimage to Holy Land safely - truce

truce

Muslim control over Jerusalem but Christians can visit holy sites if unarmed

king john

• Reigned 1199-1216

• Worst king in English History 

  • Taxed/jailed/killed people unfairly

• Forced to sign Magna carta 

• “JOhn Softsword”

magna carta

• Jun. 15, 1215: Magna Carta = signed

• Created by nobility

• If not signed: new leader

  • Gave political rights

  • No taxation w/o rep

  • Rights to trial

  • Rights to own property

  • Limited king’s power

  • Protected rights

papacy

the institution which the pope governs the church is called the papacy

holy land

place that has religious significance (Jerusalem and other sacred sites)

pontiff

term used to refer to the Pope, leader of the Roman Catholic Church or high-ranking bishops/priests depending on context 

urban II

Pope Urban II ordered the first Crusade holy war to obtain the Holy Land

crusades

• 8 major Crusades (9 total)

• crusades over 200 years (ish)

• goal: reclaim Jerusalem (Holy Land) from Turks (Muslim)/prevent Muslim control of the region

reconquista

• (plan to remove Muslims from Spain)series of military efforts by Christian Kingdoms to reclaim Spanish territory from Muslim rule 

led to a unified CHRISTIAN kingdom

joan of arc

• peasant girl born in 1412 and became a heroin during the Hundred Years War 

• help reclaim France from English 

• help lift siege of Orleans in 1429 → turning point in war 

• captured by Burgundians, sold to English and tried for heresy 

found guilty and burned at stake in 1431

longbow

a bow that was able to shoot arrows at much further distance than shortbows

• As tall (or taller) than the archer

• 300 yards away - dangerous

• 100 Yards away - fatal

• English used it: even when outnumbered, helped them win (more effective than numbers)

• Ended code of chivalry after the Battle of Agincourt

vernacular

A language spoken by people in a certain region (people started writing in vernacular instead of latin so more people could read)

bg of crusades

• • 1093 AD - Alexius Comnenus (emperor of Byzantine Empire) sends appeal to Robert, Count of Flanders

    • Asks for assistance from Christians to defeat the Muslim Turks

  • Pope Urban II launches a crusade against the Muslim Turks

    • Supported - God wills the crusades → will be sent to Heaven if you fight

crusade 1

• Early 1097 - 3 crusader armies storm Jerusalem

  • Composed of different European crusaders

• Crusaders not prepared to face conditions of Holy Land

  • No plan

  • no leader

  • no supply chains

  • Not used to territory

• July 15, 1099 - 12,000 crusaders storm Jerusalem → city captured

• Crusaders gain 400 mi of Land → create 4 Crusader States

  • Became more subject to attack from Muslims

crusade 2

failed

crusade 3

• King Philip Agustus (French), Emperor Fredrick I - barbossa (German) & richard the Lionhearted (English) go to Jerusalem

  • Ultimately - only Richard makes it to jerusalem

• Truce reached between Saladin and Richard

  • Jerusalem - stayed in Muslim power

Christians - free to visit Holy Land

crusade 4

• Pope Innocent III

  • Goal - recapture Jerusalem

  • Crusaders - involved in Byzantine and Italian political affairs

    • intention wasn’t to loot constantinople when they got there, it was to get some money to go on to jerusalem, but because of Internal politics in Constantinople, Crusaders allied with somebody who wanted to overthrow the Emperor in Constantinople

    • 1204 - Constantinople looted

    • Church split - East/West

      • Present to this day

battle of hastings

• between Anglo-saxons and Normans in 

• Harold (England) killed by arrow to the eye 

• William (Normandy) claim land 

  • lords supported Anglo-saxons = lost it 

  • gave 200 fiefs to Normans for loyalty  ENGLAND

• normans rulers of england

hundred years war

• French Won overall

• English won:

  • Battle of crecy: 1346

    • longbowmen v. Knights

    • French army 3x English

    • French retreated

    • Longbows killed ⅓ French

  • Battle of Poitiers: 1356

    • Poitiers, FR

    • Longbowmen v. knights

    • Kidnapped french king/son philip for ransom

  • Battle of Agincourt: 1415

    • 1415

    • English: 6k v. France: 20-3ok

    • Archers > knights

    • End of chivalry

plague/silk road

the Black Plague spread to Europe from Asia through trade along the Silk Road

• travelled quickly because it was a safe, trading hub 

  • Environment created by Mongol Empire who controlled the trade route 

end of manorialism

the Black Plague ended manorialism in Europe 

• because the plague lessened the population, laborers became more important and in high demand, so serfs and other peasants got rewards and benefits for working for them 

  • serfs became untied from their lord's land as reward, so manorialism (relationship between serf and lord) ended because of their value due to population loss caused by plague

guilds

• Top 6 lawful men = wardens 

• Wardens = heads of guild

• Punishments: fines/lose freedom

• Guild for each product

• No building in dark

• changed economy from manorialism to self sufficiency to specialization to help middle class allowed  social mobility according to talents, division of labor , before Black Plague 

• economic and social 

• Guild start to revive trade, Crusaders revive trade, Black death ends then comes in and out

rise of towns

• market in LEdbury near the church and they sold things

• Market > Church

• paid rent

• People in guilds looked after each other

• elected mayors

middle class/towns

• middle class beginning to rise BC of emphasis on merchants

• Instead of merchants making many things, guilds formed to make specialty goods

• Merchants in the middle class rose in power and wealth because of this. 

end of feudalism

• Towns began to become more appealing to the middle class: higher paying jobs, freedom

• Serfs worked in towns, making money and a life for themselves

• If serfs could run away from manors and not get caught in towns for 1 year and 1 day, they would be free

• black plague made it harder for nobles to control serfs

urbanization 1000-1150

• European population rose from 30 million → 42 million

• populations of towns rise 

• towns grow large enough to become cities

• beginning of modern Europe

• people were better nourished (3 field system) 

• people had stronger immune systems to sickness 

• death rate lowered. 

causes of 100 years war

• Muslims control holy land/threaten constantinople

• Byzantine emperor calls for help

• Pope wants to reclaim holy land + unite christendom

• Pope appeals to christian kings

• Knights feel religious zeal, want land, riches & adventure

• Italian cities desire commercial power

effects of hundred years war

• Byzantine empire = weakened

• Pope’s power declines

• Power of feudal nobles = weakened

• Kings stronger

• Religious intolerance grows

• Italians: expand trade/rich

• Muslims distrust Christians

• Trade grows: Europe/middle east

• European tech improves as crusaders learn from muslims