Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to solutions, electrolytes, and different types of chemical reactions, particularly those occurring in aqueous solutions.

Aqueous Solution

A solution in which water is the solvent.

Strong Electrolyte

A substance that completely dissociates into ions in solution, allowing it to conduct electricity well.

Weak Electrolyte

A substance that partially dissociates into ions in solution and conducts electricity poorly.

Nonelectrolyte

A substance that does not dissociate into ions in solution and does not conduct electricity.

Molarity (M)

A way to express the concentration of a solution, defined as moles of solute per liter of solution.

Dilution

The process of reducing the concentration of a solute in a solution, typically by adding more solvent.

Precipitation Reaction

A reaction in which an insoluble solid forms and separates from the solution.

Complete Ionic Equation

An equation that shows all of the species as they are actually present in a solution.

Net Ionic Equation

An equation that shows only the species that actually participate in the reaction, omitting spectator ions.

Acid-Base Reaction

A type of reaction where an acid and a base react to form water and a salt.

Oxidation-Reduction Reaction

A reaction involving the transfer of electrons between species.

Oxidizing Agent

A substance that gains electrons in a redox reaction, causing another substance to be oxidized.

Reducing Agent

A substance that loses electrons in a redox reaction, causing another substance to be reduced.

Hydration

The process in which water molecules surround and interact with solute ions or molecules.

Solubility Rules

Guidelines that serve to predict the solubility of ionic compounds in water.

Titration

A laboratory method used to determine the concentration of a solute in a solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration.

Stoichiometric Point

The point in a titration at which the amount of titrant added is stoichiometrically equivalent to the amount of substance in the sample.

Endpoint

The point in a titration at which an indicator changes color, signaling that the reaction is complete.

Spectator Ions

Ions that do not participate in the chemical reaction and remain unchanged in solution.

Reduction

The gain of electrons by a substance during a chemical reaction, leading to a decrease in oxidation state.

Oxidation

The loss of electrons by a substance during a chemical reaction, leading to an increase in oxidation state.

Half-Reaction Method

A technique used to balance redox reactions by separating them into two half-reactions, one for oxidation and one for reduction.

Stoichiometry

The calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions based on their mass and the balanced chemical equations.

Chemical Indicator

A substance that changes color at a specific pH, used to identify the endpoint of a titration.

Electrically Neutral Compound

A compound in which the total positive charge equals the total negative charge.

Hydrogen Ion (H+)

A positively charged ion formed when an acid donates a proton.

Hydroxide Ion (OH-)

A negatively charged ion made of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom.