Psych Exam 3

Pioneers of Parenting Research

Baumrind, Maccoby

Authoritarian

Parenting style of high control, low emotionality

Non-negotiable, unresponsive to needs

Authoritative

High standards, warm emotionality

Negotiable, respects needs and encourages deliberation

Permissive

Low standards, warm emotionality

Child has more jursidiction and control than parent

Uninvolved

Low standards, cold emotionality

Indifferent toward child’s needs

Internalization

Aspect 1: Accurate perception of parental message

Clear and consistent, captivates child’s unique personality

Aspect 2: Acceptance of parental message

Empathy aroused

Mood, temperament, and age considered

Violence

Although different styles of parenting are effective across cultures, _______ is never effective.

Unisex, crowds, mixed-sex, romantic partners

Order the following cliques based on when they become more acceptable chronologically

Mixed-sex, crowds, unisex, romantic partners

Liked

Peers rate a person as friendly
Positive attributes

Associated with prosociality - shares

Popular

High status, being influential

Associated with mix of prosociality and aggressive behavior

“Machiavellian”

Not being pushed around, manipulative to an extent

Chua

Her book describes how her Chinese parents pushed her hard, but she got used to it and succeeded as a result

When she raised her children the same way, one of her kids thrived while the other struggled.

Authoritarian parenting example

Authoritarian

Chinese are associated with ______ parenting. Obedience more acceptable

>

Quality of frendship ( > or <) Number of friends

50, girls

Nearly _______% of teens have experienced cyberbullying of some form

Most prevalent in older teen _________

Momentary playmates

Age 3-8

• Best friend = who I play with

• Focus on concrete situation

– Shares toys

– Does not break my toys

One-way assistance

Age 5-9

• A friend does what I like

• Knows my preferences

• New: Motives begin to matter

HOWEVER…

• If conflicts arise, a friend should give in

Fair-weather cooperation

Age 7-12

• Negotiation of different perspectives

BUT

• Still focused on momentary interactions

• If friends fight, they are no longer friends

Autonomy and interdependence

Age 12 onward

Long-term relationship

• Shared interests and exchange of ideas

• Mutual trust

– Intimacy: Sharing “classified information”

BUT

• Often characterized by jealousy:

– Exclusive friendships

– Best friends at the exclusion of other friendships

Kindchenscema

Baby schema

Natural affection for babies and creatures with baby features

Why starter Pokémon are considered cute

Grandmother hypothesis

The longer the woman lives post-menopause, the more grandkids they can foster as they focus on taking care of their children

(+) evolutionary fitness

Menopause exists so moms can provide for their kids, promoting passing on of genes

Oxytocin

Released when petting animals, hugging loved ones

10

____% of children live with their grandparents

Play important role in children’s development

Grandparent involvement positives

• Fewer internalizing problems, including lower rates of

depression

• Fewer adjustment difficulties

• Greater self-efficacy

• Increased prosocial behaviors towards others

Advantages of having children in 20s

• More physical energy

• Fewer medical problems with pregnancy and childbirth

• Less built-up expectations for children

Advantages of having children in 30s

• More time to consider and achieve life goals

• More mature, competent parents

• Better established in careers, higher income

Cumulative Cultural Evolution

Social transmission of info across generations

Building off the already built knowledge of a society

Improvements and change made over time

Vygotsky theory

Adults scaffold children’s learning; part of academic teaching

Facilitating knowledge development

Goal understanding and imitation

Kids copy purposeful actions over accidental actions

Both apes and kids understand cause and effect

Kids are more willing to do silly things, completely relying on adult instruction

Zone of proximal development

Time gap between a child’s ability to do something with adult supervision to when they can do it themselves

Scaffolding

After following instructions a bunch of times, kids internalize info. and do tasks automatically

Gradual fading of adult guidance

Structure, support, room for growth

Universal cultural learning

Understanding the underlying patterns that all cultures share

Broader concepts like directness vs. indirectness, family structures, and society dynamics

Specific cultural learning

Location and content of learning vary across societies

Smaller concepts like type of clothing, dishes, dances, forms of etiquette

Free-exploration

Autonomy to learn, peruse library freely, informal learning and playful activities

Guided participation

Apprentice to expert; think learning about dances for BOTB

Instruction

Educational institutions, direct teaching from parent

Types of cultural learning

Free-exploration, observation and imitation, guided participation, instruction

12, 4

WEIRD societies make up ___% of human population, yet only ___% of psych. studies come from non-WEIRD nations

Acculturation

Adapting to new culture

New language, norms, behavior

Acculturation shock

Stress from adapting to new culture

Acculturation gap

Native children understand culture much better than immigrant

Social discrimination