crj 101 final (copy)

Enlightenment

A movement during the eighteenth century in England and France characterized by concepts of liberalism, rationalism, equality, and individualism in social and political thinking.

Penitentiary

An institution intended to punish criminals by isolating them from society and from one another for reflection, repentance, and reform.

Separate confinement

A penitentiary system developed in Pennsylvania where each imprisoned person is isolated from others.

Congregate system

A penitentiary system developed in Auburn, New York, where inmates are isolated at night but work and eat together during the day under a rule of silence.

Contract labor system

A system where inmates' labor is sold on a contractual basis to private employers who provide machinery and materials for production.

Lease system

A system where inmates are leased to contractors who provide food and clothing in exchange for their labor.

Reformatory

An institution emphasizing training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole.

Mark system

A point system allowing prisoners to reduce their imprisonment term by earning marks through labor, good behavior, and educational achievement.

Rehabilitation model

A corrections model emphasizing restoring convicted persons to constructive societal roles through vocational or educational training.

Medical model

A corrections model based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by biological or psychological conditions requiring treatment.

Community corrections

A corrections model aimed at reintegrating convicted persons into the community.

Crime control model of corrections

A model based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled through increased incarceration and supervision.

Prison

An institution for incarcerated individuals convicted of serious crimes, typically felonies.

Jail

An institution authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants.

Hands-off policy

The principle that judges should not interfere with the administration of correctional institutions.

Cooper v. Pate (1964)

A ruling that prisoners are entitled to protection under the Civil Rights Act of 1871 and can challenge their confinement conditions in federal courts.

Hudson v. Palmer (1984)

A ruling affirming that prison officials have the authority to search cells and confiscate materials.

Wolff v. McDonnell (1974)

A ruling stating that basic elements of procedural due process must be present when imposing significant punishments on prisoners.

Morrissey v. Brewer (1972)

A ruling that due process requires a prompt, informal, two-stage inquiry by an impartial hearing officer before parole revocation.

Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973)

A decision requiring a two-stage hearing before probation can be revoked, with counsel allowed on a case-by-case basis.

Custodial model

A model of incarceration emphasizing security, discipline, and order.

Rehabilitation

The goal of restoring a convicted person to a constructive societal role through vocational or educational training.

Reintegration model

A correctional model emphasizing the maintenance of ties to family and community to assist offenders' reform.

Defects of total power

Limitations on correctional officers' power to compel compliance; officers must use non-forceful methods to maintain order.

Rewards and punishments

Using rewards for compliance and punishments for rule violations instead of force.

Leadership within the prison population

Traditional reliance on prison leaders to maintain order; current demographics complicate leadership structures.

Exchange relationships

Mutual transfer of resources involving a balance of benefits and deficits based on alternative action costs.

Use of force

Police application of physical power considered excessive if deemed unreasonable under amendments; emphasizes proportionality and necessity.

Populations of concern for correctional systems

Groups with unique needs including women, juveniles, mentally ill individuals, LGBTQ+ individuals, veterans, etc.

Inmate code

Values and norms within the prison social system that define what it means to be a model prisoner.

Classification

The process of categorizing inmates based on their risk to security, educational level, work ability, and readiness for release.

Particular issues of incarcerated women

Challenges including mental health, separation from children, healthcare disparities, and sexual abuse reflecting systemic inequalities.

Community justice

A model emphasizing reparations to victims and community involvement in crime prevention.

Technical violation

Probation breach when a probationer fails to meet specified rules, potentially leading to revocation.

Fine

A monetary penalty imposed on a convicted individual as punishment for an offense.

Restitution

Repayment by an offender to a victim for loss incurred from the offense.

Forfeiture

Government seizure of assets or property related to criminal activity.

Home confinement

A sentence requiring the offender to remain home during specified times.

Community service

A court-ordered sentence for an individual to perform unpaid work in the community.

Day reporting center

A community correctional facility where individuals report daily to meet punishment requirements.

Intensive supervision probation (ISP)

Probation with strict reporting requirements to a probation officer with a limited caseload.

Boot camp

A short-term sentence involving a physical regimen aimed at instilling discipline, often followed by probation.

Parole

Conditional release from incarceration under supervision after serving part of a prison sentence.

Expiration release

Release from incarceration at the end of a prison term without further supervision.

Mandatory release

Required inmate release to community supervision at the end of a specified period minus credits.

Other conditional release

A term avoiding rigid mandatory release, allowing supervised community placements after prison.

Decarceration

The process of reducing prison populations through release and alternative sentencing.

Discretionary release

Release from prison to conditional supervision at the discretion of the parole board.

Conditions of release

Legally binding rules that parolees must follow as a requirement for their release.

Furloughs

Temporary release from custody for visits home, helping maintain family ties and prepare for parole.

Halfway houses

Facilities for individuals convicted of felonies to live while working in the community.

Concerns about parolees adjusting to life outside of prison

Challenges including employment, housing, family relationships, substance abuse, and social stigma.

Parens patriae

The state acting as guardian for citizens, such as juveniles, who cannot protect themselves.

In re Gault (1967)

Ruling that juveniles have rights to counsel, confront accusers, and adequate notice of charges.

In re Winship (1970)

A ruling establishing that 'beyond a reasonable doubt' is the standard of proof in juvenile cases.

Mckeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)

Judgment that juveniles do not have a constitutional right to a jury trial.

Breed v. Jones (1975)

Ruling that juveniles cannot be transferred to adult court after being found delinquent without a hearing.

Status offenses

Acts committed by juveniles considered unacceptable for children that would not be crimes for adults.

Schall v. Martin (1984)

Ruling allowing juveniles to be held in preventive detention if there's concern about committing additional crimes.

Waiver

The process of transferring a juvenile case to adult criminal court by the juvenile court.

Delinquent

A general term for a person committing offenses, including theft or assault.

Delinquent child

A minor who has committed an act that would be a criminal offense if done by an adult.

Dependent child

A child without a parent or guardian or whose parents cannot provide proper care.

Neglected child

A child receiving inadequate care due to parents' actions or inactions.

Diversion

The process of screening juveniles out of the justice system without court decisions.

Goals of police reform

Enhancing accountability, promoting trust, ensuring equity, improving officer training, reducing militarization, and addressing systemic issues.

Reasons for defunding the police

Proponents cite redirection of resources to social services, reducing violence, financial efficiency, and addressing systemic racism.

Goals of law enforcement intelligence

Preventing crime, enhancing security, supporting investigations, facilitating collaboration, and ensuring accountability.

Fusion centers

Centers analyzing and sharing information to aid law enforcement in crime and terrorism responses.

Focuses for law enforcement

Emphasis on crime prevention, community trust, equity issues, technology adoption, and officer training.

Reasons for the growth of private security

Factors include increased crime rates, economic factors, inadequate public police resources, and expanding technology.