crj 101 final (copy)
1. Enlightenment?
A movement during
the eighteenth century in England and France in which concepts of liberalism, rationalism, equality, and individualism dominated social and political thinking.
2. What is a penitentiary?
An institution intended to punish criminals by isolating them from society and from one another so they can reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and reform.
3. What was separate confinement?
A penitentiary system, developed in Pennsylvania, in which each imprisoned person was held in isolation from others confined
4. What was the congregate system?
A penitentiary system, developed in Auburn, New York, in which each inmate was held in isolation during the night but worked and ate with others during the day under a rule of silence.
5. What was the contract labor system?
A system under which inmates’ labor was sold on a contractual basis to private employers who provided the machinery and raw materials with which inmates made salable products in the institution.
6. What was the lease system?
A system under which inmates were leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for their labor.
7. What is a reformatory?
An institution that emphasizes training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole.
8. What is the mark system?
A point system in which prisoners can reduce their term of imprisonment and gain release by earning “marks,” or points, through labor, good behavior, and educational achievement.
9. What is the rehabilitation model?
A model of corrections that emphasizes the need to restore a convicted person to a constructive place in society through some form of vocational or educational training or therapy.
10. What is the medical model?
A model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by biological or psychological conditions that require treatment.
11. What is community corrections?
A model of corrections based on the goal of reintegrating the convicted person into the community.
12. What is the crime control model of corrections?
A model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision.
13. What is a prison?
An institution for the incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felonies.
14. What is a jail?
An institution authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants
15. What is the hands-off policy?
Judges should not interfere with the administration of correctional institutions.
16. What was Cooper v. Pate (1964)?
Prisoners are entitled to the protection of the Civil Rights Act of 1871 and may challenge in federal courts the conditions of their confinement.
17. What was Hudson v. Palmer (1984)?
Prison officials have the authority to search cells and confiscate any materials found.
18. What was Wolff v. McDonnell (1974)
Basic elements of procedural due process must be present when decisions are made about imposing significant punishments on prisoners for violating institutional rules.
19. What was Morrissey v. Brewer (1972)
Due process rights require a prompt, informal, two- stage inquiry handled by an impartial hearing officer before parole may be revoked. The parolee may present relevant information and confront witnesses.
20. What was Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973)
Before probation can be revoked, a two-stage hearing must be held and the offender must be provided with specific elements of due process. Requested counsel will be allowed on a case-by-case basis.
21. What is the custodial model?
A model of incarceration that emphasizes security, discipline, and order.
22. What is the rehabilitation?
The goal of restoring a person convicted of crimes to a constructive place in society through some form of vocational or educational training or therapy.
23. What is the reintegration model?
A correctional model that emphasizes maintaining the individual’s ties to family and community as a method of reform, recognizing that the offender will be returning to society.
24. What are the defects of total power?
- practices would not be endorsed for long - public expects correctional institutions to be run humanely.
- officers power to force compliance is limited; Officers must find means other than force to maintain order.
- The use of force disrupts the order that the officers wish to maintain.
- The 40:1 ratio of officers to residents creates risk that officers will be attacked if they’re perceived as too heavy handed in their treatment of the prison population
25. What are rewards and punishments?
Instead of using force to ensure obedience, officers reward compliance by granting privileges and punish rule violators by denying these same privileges.
26. What is leadership within the prison population?
traditional prison of the big-house era - administrators enlisted the leaders within the prison population to help maintain order
To contemporary observers of prison operations - questions about administrators’ ability to run these institutions by relying on leaders within the prison population
Today’s prison society is divided by demographics, so no leadership structure exists
27. What are exchange relationships?
A mutual transfer of resources; a balance of benefits and deficits that flow from behavior based on decisions about the values and costs of alternative courses of action.
28. What is use of force?
Police application of physical power deemed excessive if "unreasonable" under the Fourth or Fourteenth Amendments. Key rulings emphasize proportionality, necessity, and the officer's perspective in high-stress situations.
29. What are the populations of concern for the correctional system?
Women, juveniles, mentally ill individuals, elderly offenders, LGBTQ+ individuals, substance users, immigrants, veterans, disabled people. (Due to unique needs and challenges)
30. What is the inmate code?
The values and norms of the prison social system that define the inmates’ idea of the model prisoner.
31. What is classification?
The process of assigning an inmate to a category based on his or her risk to security, educational level, ability to work, and readiness for release.
32. What are the particular issues that incarceration women face?
women used to never be separated from men. Women also face issues involving mental health, separation from children, healthcare disparities, sexual abuse and harassment, these issues reflect the intersection of gender, socio-economic factors, and systemic inequality within the criminal justice system
33. What is community justice?
A model of justice that emphasizes reparation to the victim and the community, a problem-solving perspective with regard to crime, and citizen involvement in crime prevention.
34. What is a technical violation?
The probationer’s failure to abide by the rules and conditions of probation as specified by the judge, resulting in grounds for revocation of probation.
35. What is a fine?
A sum of money to be paid to the state by a convicted person, as punishment for an offense.
36. What is restitution?
Repayment—in the form of money or service—by an offender to a victim who has suffered some loss from the offense.
37. What is forfeiture?
Government seizure of property and other assets derived from or used in criminal activity.
38. What is home confinement?
A sentence requiring the offender to remain inside their home during specified periods.
39. What is community service?
A sentence requiring the individual to perform unpaid labor in the community.
40. What is a day reporting center?
A community correctional center where a sentenced individual reports each day to comply with requirements of the punishment imposed
41. What is intensive supervision probation (ISP)?
Probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload.
42. What is boot camp?
A short-term institutional sentence, usually followed by probation, that puts the young or first-time lawbreaker through a physical regimen designed to develop discipline and respect for authority. Also referred to as shock incarceration.
43. What is parole?
The conditional release of someone from incarceration, under supervision, after part of the prison sentence has been served.
44. What is expiration release?
The release from incarceration, without further correctional supervision, at the completion of a specified term of imprisonment.
45. What is mandatory release?
The required release of an inmate from incarceration to community supervision upon the expiration of a certain period minus good time credits through specifications in sentencing laws.
46. What is other conditional release?
A term used in some states to avoid the rigidity of mandatory release by placing people leaving prison in various community settings, under supervision.
47. What is decarceration?
The process of reducing prison populations through accelerated release, flexible parole enforcement, and alternative sentencing.
48. What is discretionary release?
The release of an individual from prison to conditional supervision at the discretion of the parole board, within the boundaries set by the sentence and the penal law.
49. What are conditions of release?
Conduct restrictions that people on parole must follow as a legally binding requirement of being released.
50. What are furloughs?
The temporary release of a person from a correctional institution for a brief period, usually one to three days, for a visit to home. Such programs help maintain family ties and prepare people for release on parole.
51. What are halfway houses?
A correctional facility housing people convicted of felonies who spend a portion of their day at work in the community but reside in the halfway house during nonworking hours.
52. What are the concerns about parolees adjusting to life outside of prison?
Employment Challenges, Housing Instability, Reestablishing Family Relationships, Substance Abuse Issues, Navigating Parole Conditions, Mental Health Struggles, Social Stigma and Discrimination, Access to Support Services.
53. What is parens patriae?
The state as parent; the state as guardian and protector of all citizens (such as juveniles) who cannot protect themselves.
54. What is In re Gault (1967)?
Juveniles have the right to counsel, to confront and examine accusers, and to have adequate notice of charges when confinement is a possible punishment.
55. What is In re Winship (1970)?
The standard of proof “beyond a reasonable doubt” applies to juvenile delinquency proceedings.
56. What is Mckeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)?
Juveniles do not have a constitutional right to a trial by jury.
57. What is Breed v. Jones (1975)?
Juveniles cannot be found delinquent in juvenile court and then transferred to adult court without a hearing on the transfer; to do so violates the protection against double jeopardy.
58. What are status offenses?
Any act committed by a juvenile that is considered unacceptable for a child, such as truancy or running away from home, but that would not be a crime if it were committed by an adult.
59. What is Schall v. Martin (1984)?
Juveniles can be held in preventive detention if there is concern that they may commit additional crimes while awaiting court action.
60. What is a waiver?
Procedure by which the juvenile court waives its jurisdiction and transfers a juvenile case to the adult criminal court.
61. What is a delinquent?
General term for someone who commits offenses Delinquent behavior includes offenses like theft, assault, or drug possession.
62. What is a delinquent child?
A child who has committed an act that if committed by an adult would be a criminal act. Specific to minors
63. What is a dependent child?
A child who has no parent or guardian or whose parents cannot give proper care.
64. What is a neglected child?
A child who is receiving inadequate care because of some action or inaction of their parents.
65. What is diversion?
The process of screening children out of the juvenile justice system without a decision by the court.
66. What are the goals of police reform?
Enhancing Accountability (Transparency, reducing misconduct, body cameras) Promoting Community Trust (Community policing, addressing bias, public engagement) Enduring Equity (Fair treatment, training, Diversifying police forces), Improving officer training and wellness (Comprehensive training, officer support), Reducing militarization (Balancing force, Civilian oversight), Strengthening oversight mechanisms (Independent review boards, policy reforms), Addressing systemic issues (Justice reform, resource allocation)
Police reform seeks to balance the need for public safety with respect for civil rights and community needs.
67. What are the reasons that proponents give for defunding the police?
Redirecting Resources to Social Services, Reducing Over-Policing, Decreasing Police Violence, Reimagining Public Safety, Financial Efficiency, Addressing Systemic Racism, Specialized Interventions,
68. What are the goals of law enforcement intelligence?
Preventing and Disrupting Crime, Enhancing National and Local Security, Supporting Criminal Investigations, enhancing Collaboration Across Agencies, Resource Allocation and Strategic Planning, Protecting Public and Officer Safety, Ensuring Accountability and Oversight.
69. What are fusion centers?
Centers run by states and large cities that analyze and facilitate sharing of information to assist law enforcement and homeland security agencies in preventing and responding to crime and terrorism threats.
70. What are the focuses for law enforcement?
Crime Prevention and Public Safety, Community Policing and Trust-Building, Addressing Systemic Inequities, responding to Specialized Needs, Adopting Technology and Innovation, Countering Cybercrime and Emerging Threats, Officer Training and Wellness, Accountability and Ethical Practices,
focuses reflect a shift toward balancing traditional law enforcement duties with modern expectations for equity, accountability, and public trust.
71. What are the reasons for the growth of private security?
Increased Crime Rates and Perception of Insecurity, Economic Factors, Inadequate Public Police Resources, Business and Corporate Interests, expansion of Technology, Public Perception and Trust in Private Security, Political and Social Factors,
