Human Nutrition: Body Systems and Digestion Overview

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91 Terms

1

Tissue

Collection of cells performing a specific task.

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2

Organ

Group of tissues performing a common function.

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3

Organ System

Groups of organs with similar functions.

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4

Plasma Membrane

Phospholipid bilayer separating cytoplasm from outside.

<p>Phospholipid bilayer separating cytoplasm from outside.</p>
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5

Cytoplasm

Fluid and organelles within the cell, excluding nucleus.

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6

Anaerobic Respiration

Metabolism occurring without oxygen in the cytoplasm.

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7

Mitochondria

Site for ATP synthesis; requires oxygen.

<p>Site for ATP synthesis; requires oxygen.</p>
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8

Nucleus

Contains genetic material; controls cell actions.

<p>Contains genetic material; controls cell actions.</p>
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9

Chromosomes

46 structures containing genetic information in DNA.

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10

RNA Transcription

Process of transcribing DNA into messenger RNA.

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11

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Network of membranes for protein and lipid synthesis.

<p>Network of membranes for protein and lipid synthesis.</p>
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12

Smooth ER

Lipid synthesis and detoxification; no ribosomes.

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13

Rough ER

Protein synthesis site with ribosomes on surface.

<p>Protein synthesis site with ribosomes on surface.</p>
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14

Golgi Complex

Packages and exports proteins to other cell parts.

<p>Packages and exports proteins to other cell parts.</p>
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15

Peroxisome

Detoxifies harmful chemicals; contains catalase enzyme.

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16

Lysosome

Contains digestive enzymes to break down organelles.

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17

Cell Metabolism

Chemical processes maintaining life in cells.

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18

Anabolic Metabolism

Requires energy to build molecules.

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19

Catabolic Metabolism

Releases energy by breaking down molecules.

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20

Vitamins and Minerals

Regulate enzyme activity in metabolic reactions.

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21

Cardiovascular System

Transports nutrients, waste, gases, and hormones.

<p>Transports nutrients, waste, gases, and hormones.</p>
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22

Hepatic Portal Circulation

Flow of nutrient-rich blood from intestines to liver.

<p>Flow of nutrient-rich blood from intestines to liver.</p>
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23

Lymphatic System

Drains fluid surrounding cells; contains lymph.

<p>Drains fluid surrounding cells; contains lymph.</p>
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24

Lymphatic vessels

Transport lymph fluid into bloodstream.

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25

Elephantiasis

Swelling caused by lymphatic obstruction.

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26

Lacteals

Lymphatic vessels that absorb dietary fats.

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27

Urinary system

Filters blood waste and regulates body balance.

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28

Erythropoietin

Hormone stimulating red blood cell production.

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29

Cranberry consumption

May protect kidney health.

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30

Central nervous system

Integrates internal and external body information.

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31

Neurons

Cells generating electrical currents for communication.

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32

Sodium and potassium

Nutrients used by neurons for electrical currents.

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33

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals for brain function from nutrients.

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34

Glucose

Preferred fuel source for the brain.

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35

Endocrine system

Regulates metabolism and produces hormones.

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36

Permissive hormones

Hormones that activate other hormones.

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37

Antagonistic hormones

Hormones that inhibit other hormones.

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38

Synergistic hormones

Hormones that work together for effect.

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39

Insulin

Lowers blood glucose by promoting glycogen synthesis.

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40

Glucagon

Raises blood glucose by converting glycogen.

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41

Immune system

Defends against pathogens with innate and adaptive immunity.

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42

Innate immunity

Nonspecific defenses against pathogens.

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43

Adaptive immunity

Specific response by white blood cells.

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44

Antibodies

Blood proteins binding foreign proteins.

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45

Antigens

Substances inducing immune sensitivity or resistance.

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46

Digestion

Breakdown of large molecules into nutrients.

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47

Absorption

Uptake of nutrients into bloodstream or lymph.

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48

Gastrointestinal tract

Organs for digestion and nutrient absorption.

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49

Motility

Movement of food through the GI tract.

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50

Mastication

Chewing process to break down food.

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51

Bolus

Food mass mixed with saliva, swallowed.

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52

Chyme

Mixture of gastric juices and partially digested food.

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53

Peristalsis

Muscular contractions moving food through GI tract.

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54

Cecum

First part of the large intestine.

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55

Ascending Colon

Section of colon moving upward from cecum.

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56

Transverse Colon

Horizontal section of the large intestine.

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57

Descending Colon

Colon section moving downward toward sigmoid.

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58

Sigmoid Colon

S-shaped section before the rectum.

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59

Rectum

Final section of the large intestine.

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60

Anal Canal

Last part of the digestive tract.

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61

Oral Cavity

Mouth area where food is chewed.

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62

Taste Buds

Receptors on tongue sensing food flavors.

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63

Umami

Savory flavor associated with brothy foods.

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64

Oleogustus

Flavor associated with fat.

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65

Saliva

Watery fluid aiding food digestion.

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66

Amylase

Enzyme breaking down starch in saliva.

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67

Lipase

Enzyme breaking down fat in digestive tract.

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68

Esophagus

Tube connecting pharynx to stomach.

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69

Pharynx

Organ connecting oral and nasal cavities.

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70

Epiglottis

Flap preventing food from entering trachea.

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71

Cardiac Sphincter

Muscle controlling entry from esophagus to stomach.

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72

Intrinsic Factor

Substance enhancing Vitamin B12 absorption.

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73

Microvilli

Folds increasing surface area for nutrient absorption.

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74

Colon

Final segment of the large intestine, absorbs water.

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75

Gut Flora

Bacteria in the colon producing vitamins.

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76

Flatulence

Gas produced from undigested sugars fermentation.

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77

Feces

Waste material containing water, fiber, and bacteria.

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78

Anal Sphincters

Muscles controlling feces elimination from the rectum.

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79

Hygiene Hypothesis

Over-sanitization may increase allergies and autoimmune diseases.

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80

Peptic Ulcers

Stomach ulcers caused by H. pylori bacteria.

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81

H. pylori

Bacteria causing increased stomach acid and ulcers.

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82

Acid Reflux

Gastric acid backing up into the esophagus.

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83

GERD

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, severe acid reflux.

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84

Gallstones

Cholesterol crystals causing abdominal pain and discomfort.

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85

Gallbladder Removal

Common treatment for symptomatic gallstones.

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86

Constipation

Difficult or infrequent bowel movements.

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87

Diarrhea

Increased frequency or fluidity of bowel movements.

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88

Celiac Disease

Immune reaction to gluten in genetically predisposed individuals.

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89

Gluten

Protein in wheat, rye, and barley.

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90

Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity

Gastrointestinal distress without intestinal damage from gluten.

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91

Villi

Intestinal projections that absorb nutrients.

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