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What unit is used to measure temperature?
degrees Celsius
What unit is used to measure internal energy
Joules
In which direction does thermal energy transfer between a hot and cool object?
From hot to cold
Evaporation takes place in wich state of matter
Liquid
Conduction take place in wich state of matter
Solids
Convection takes place in what states of matter
Fluids (liquids and gases
Convection occurs because of the changes in what
Temperature
Radiation dose not require the movement of what
Particals
What is the material that reduces thermal energy losses called
Thermal insulator
What colors the best emitters/absorbers of radiation
Dark ,dull ,matt
What colour are the worst emitters/absorbers of radiation
Light ,shiny reflective
Light shiny surfaces do what to infrared radiation
Reflect
What is the unit of power
Watts (w) kilowatts kW
What is the name of the diagram showing energy transfer
Sankey diagram
What is the equation for efficiency
Efficiency =(useful energy transferred/total energy supplied) *100
What is the symbol for kilowatts hours
kWh
How many kilowatts are in a kilowatt hour
One kW
Complete the equation
energy use kWh =
Power rating (kW)*time (hours)
What is the name for the time it takes to get back the money you spent on making an energy-saving change
Payback time
Define power
Power is the rate energy is transferred
Define internal (thermal) energy
The amount of thermal energy stored in something, measured in joules , depending on temperature,materials and mass
Describe how energy is transferred through conduction
Describe how energy is transferred through convection
In fluids, heated particles spread apart, becoming less dense and rising, creating a convection current as cooler fluid replaces rising fluid.
Describe how energy is transferred through radiation
Radiation transfers energy through empty space or transparent materials without particle movement, absorbed or reflected depending on surface.
How can we reduce heat loss in homes
Using insulators to trap air and reflective surfaces to reduce radiation absorption.
What does a Sankey diagram represent
It shows energy transfers with arrow width representing the amount of energy.
How do electricity companies measure energy usage on bills?
In kilowatt-hours (kWh)
How can you reduce your energy bills?
By insulating homes and using more efficient appliances
What determines the payback time for energy-saving changes?
The time it takes for installation cost to be matched by the money saved on energy bills.
What is needed for energy in respiration
Carbohydrates (starch and sugars)
What is the role of protein in the body?
Growth and repair (building new substances
Name two main carbohydrates found in food
Starch and sugars
What is another name for fats and oils?
Lipids
Which type of food should be eaten to avoid constipation?
Fibre
What information can be found on nutrition labels?
The amount of energy stored in the food / the amount of fibre
The deficiency disease kwashiorkor is caused by a lack of which nutrient?
Protein
A lack of vitamin C can cause which deficiency disease?
Scurvy
A lack of calcium and vitamin D can cause what deficiency disease?
Rickets
What is the most severe form of malnutrition called?
Starvation
What health problems could somebody who is obese develop?
Heart disease / high blood pressure / type 2 diabetes
What does the digestive system do?
Breaks down large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble ones
Name three organs in the digestive system.
Mouth / gullet (oesophagus, food pipe) / stomach / small intestine / large intestine / rectum
Where are digested molecules of food absorbed in the digestive system?
Small intestine
What microorganisms are present in your gut to help break down foods that your body cannot?
Bacteria
What do we call substances in the digestive system that speed up the breaking down of large molecules into smaller ones?
Enzymes / catalysts
What do enzymes do?
Break up large molecules into smaller soluble ones
Which process is the movement of particles from where there are many to where there are not as many?
Diffusion
What part of the blood carries the nutrients around the body?
Plasma
What does the wall of the small intestine have to increase its surface area?
Villi / villus / microvilli / microvillus
Why is water important for the body?
Acts as a lubricant, dissolves substances for transport, fills cells to maintain shape, and cools the body through sweating
What are the good sources of carbohydrates?
Pasta, bread, rice, potatoes
What are the good sources of protein?
Meat, fish, beans
What are the good sources of vitamin C?
Fruits and vegetables (e.g., oranges)
What are the good sources of calcium?
Fruits, vegetables, and dairy products (e.g., milk)
What are the good sources of fibre?
Wholemeal bread, wholegrain rice, celery, and other fibrous vegetables
What is the role of water in digestion?
Dissolves substances and fills up cells
How does fibre help the body?
Helps digestion by moving food through the intestines and prevents constipation
What factors affect the amount of energy a person needs in a day?
Levels of activity, age, and gender
What happens when there is a lack of protein in the diet?
Kwashiorkor, which causes swelling of the belly
What happens when there is a lack of vitamin A in the diet
Night blindness, difficulty seeing in dim light
What happens when there is a lack of vitamin C in the diet?
Scurvy, causing painful joints and bleeding gums
What happens when there is a lack of vitamin D and calcium in the diet?
Rickets, causing weak bones that do not form properly
What happens when there is a lack of iron in the diet?
Anaemia, causing tiredness and shortness of breath
What is the consequence of too much fat in the diet?
Obesity and heart disease
How does obesity affect the body?
Increases the risk of heart disease and high blood pressure
What is the function of the digestive enzymes?
Speed up the digestion of food by breaking down large molecules into smaller ones
How is digested food absorbed into the blood?
Through diffusion in the small intestine
What adaptations help the small intestine absorb food efficiently?
The wall is folded and covered with villi and microvilli to increase surface area
What effect does alcohol have on digestion?
Reduces the release of digestive enzymes and damages villi in the small intestine
What do we call animals at risk of becoming extinct
Endangered
What type of reproduction do most animals use to produce offspring?
Sexual reproduction
What are the two specialised sex cells in animals?
Sperm and egg cells
What is another name for 'sex cells'?
Gametes
Where are sperm cells made?
Testes / testis
Where are egg cells stored?
Ovaries
What connects the ovaries and the uterus?
Oviducts (fallopian tubes)
What holds the baby in place during pregnancy?
Cervix
What is used in both males and females for the excretion of urine?
Urethra
What is the process where semen is pumped out of the penis?
Ejaculation
What is the ball of cells formed from a dividing fertilised egg cell called?
Embryo
What is implantation?
When an embryo sinks into the soft lining of the uterus
What is the placenta?
An organ that provides nutrients to the growing baby and takes away waste
What connects the placenta and the baby?
Umbilical cord
What is the time between fertilisation and birth called?
The gestation period
When an embryo has developed all of its organs, what is it called?
A foetus
What substances can harm a developing baby?
Alcohol, drugs and cigarette smoke
When do most emotional and physical changes occur?
Adolescence
What is the process where the uterus lining breaks down and is passed out of the vagina
Menstruation
When in the menstrual cycle is a new egg released, and what is it called?
Day 14, ovulation
Why do all living cells respire
To release energy
What two substances are needed for aerobic respiration
Glucose and oxygen
What are the products of aerobic respiration
Water, carbon dioxide (and energy)
Why do organisms need energy?
For everything they do, e.g., making new substances, moving
What is the movement of air into and out of the lungs called?
Ventilation
What is the movement of muscles in the diaphragm and attached to the ribs called
Breathing
What gases are exchanged in the lungs?
Carbon dioxide and oxygen
Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs
Alveoli
When oxygen gets into the blood, what cells does it enter?
Red blood cells
What type of blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?
Arteries