Science

What unit is used to measure temperature?

degrees Celsius

What unit is used to measure internal energy

Joules

In which direction does thermal energy transfer between a hot and cool object?

From hot to cold

Evaporation takes place in wich state of matter

Liquid

Conduction take place in wich state of matter

Solids

Convection takes place in what states of matter

Fluids (liquids and gases

Convection occurs because of the changes in what

Temperature

Radiation dose not require the movement of what

Particals

What is the material that reduces thermal energy losses called

Thermal insulator

What colors the best emitters/absorbers of radiation

Dark ,dull ,matt

What colour are the worst emitters/absorbers of radiation

Light ,shiny reflective

Light shiny surfaces do what to infrared radiation

Reflect

What is the unit of power

Watts (w) kilowatts kW

What is the name of the diagram showing energy transfer

Sankey diagram

What is the equation for efficiency

Efficiency =(useful energy transferred/total energy supplied) *100

What is the symbol for kilowatts hours

kWh

How many kilowatts are in a kilowatt hour

One kW

Complete the equation

energy use kWh =

Power rating (kW)*time (hours)

What is the name for the time it takes to get back the money you spent on making an energy-saving change

Payback time

Define power

Power is the rate energy is transferred

Define internal (thermal) energy

The amount of thermal energy stored in something, measured in joules , depending on temperature,materials and mass

Describe how energy is transferred through conduction

Describe how energy is transferred through convection

In fluids, heated particles spread apart, becoming less dense and rising, creating a convection current as cooler fluid replaces rising fluid.

Describe how energy is transferred through radiation

Radiation transfers energy through empty space or transparent materials without particle movement, absorbed or reflected depending on surface.

How can we reduce heat loss in homes

Using insulators to trap air and reflective surfaces to reduce radiation absorption.

What does a Sankey diagram represent

It shows energy transfers with arrow width representing the amount of energy.

How do electricity companies measure energy usage on bills?

In kilowatt-hours (kWh)

How can you reduce your energy bills?

By insulating homes and using more efficient appliances

What determines the payback time for energy-saving changes?

The time it takes for installation cost to be matched by the money saved on energy bills.

What is needed for energy in respiration

Carbohydrates (starch and sugars)

What is the role of protein in the body?

Growth and repair (building new substances

Name two main carbohydrates found in food

Starch and sugars

What is another name for fats and oils?

Lipids

Which type of food should be eaten to avoid constipation?

Fibre

What information can be found on nutrition labels?

The amount of energy stored in the food / the amount of fibre

The deficiency disease kwashiorkor is caused by a lack of which nutrient?

Protein

A lack of vitamin C can cause which deficiency disease?

Scurvy

A lack of calcium and vitamin D can cause what deficiency disease?

Rickets

What is the most severe form of malnutrition called?

Starvation

What health problems could somebody who is obese develop?

Heart disease / high blood pressure / type 2 diabetes

What does the digestive system do?

Breaks down large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble ones

Name three organs in the digestive system.

Mouth / gullet (oesophagus, food pipe) / stomach / small intestine / large intestine / rectum

Where are digested molecules of food absorbed in the digestive system?

Small intestine

What microorganisms are present in your gut to help break down foods that your body cannot?

Bacteria

What do we call substances in the digestive system that speed up the breaking down of large molecules into smaller ones?

Enzymes / catalysts

What do enzymes do?

Break up large molecules into smaller soluble ones

Which process is the movement of particles from where there are many to where there are not as many?

Diffusion

What part of the blood carries the nutrients around the body?

Plasma

What does the wall of the small intestine have to increase its surface area?

Villi / villus / microvilli / microvillus

Why is water important for the body?

Acts as a lubricant, dissolves substances for transport, fills cells to maintain shape, and cools the body through sweating

What are the good sources of carbohydrates?

Pasta, bread, rice, potatoes

What are the good sources of protein?

Meat, fish, beans

What are the good sources of vitamin C?

Fruits and vegetables (e.g., oranges)

What are the good sources of calcium?

Fruits, vegetables, and dairy products (e.g., milk)

What are the good sources of fibre?

Wholemeal bread, wholegrain rice, celery, and other fibrous vegetables

What is the role of water in digestion?

Dissolves substances and fills up cells

How does fibre help the body?

Helps digestion by moving food through the intestines and prevents constipation

What factors affect the amount of energy a person needs in a day?

Levels of activity, age, and gender

What happens when there is a lack of protein in the diet?

Kwashiorkor, which causes swelling of the belly

What happens when there is a lack of vitamin A in the diet

Night blindness, difficulty seeing in dim light

What happens when there is a lack of vitamin C in the diet?

Scurvy, causing painful joints and bleeding gums

What happens when there is a lack of vitamin D and calcium in the diet?

Rickets, causing weak bones that do not form properly

What happens when there is a lack of iron in the diet?

Anaemia, causing tiredness and shortness of breath

What is the consequence of too much fat in the diet?

Obesity and heart disease

How does obesity affect the body?

Increases the risk of heart disease and high blood pressure

What is the function of the digestive enzymes?

Speed up the digestion of food by breaking down large molecules into smaller ones

How is digested food absorbed into the blood?

Through diffusion in the small intestine

What adaptations help the small intestine absorb food efficiently?

The wall is folded and covered with villi and microvilli to increase surface area

What effect does alcohol have on digestion?

Reduces the release of digestive enzymes and damages villi in the small intestine

What do we call animals at risk of becoming extinct

Endangered

What type of reproduction do most animals use to produce offspring?

Sexual reproduction

What are the two specialised sex cells in animals?

Sperm and egg cells

What is another name for 'sex cells'?

Gametes

Where are sperm cells made?

Testes / testis

Where are egg cells stored?

Ovaries

What connects the ovaries and the uterus?

Oviducts (fallopian tubes)

What holds the baby in place during pregnancy?

Cervix

What is used in both males and females for the excretion of urine?

Urethra

What is the process where semen is pumped out of the penis?

Ejaculation

What is the ball of cells formed from a dividing fertilised egg cell called?

Embryo

What is implantation?

When an embryo sinks into the soft lining of the uterus

What is the placenta?

An organ that provides nutrients to the growing baby and takes away waste

What connects the placenta and the baby?

Umbilical cord

What is the time between fertilisation and birth called?

The gestation period

When an embryo has developed all of its organs, what is it called?

A foetus

What substances can harm a developing baby?

Alcohol, drugs and cigarette smoke

When do most emotional and physical changes occur?

Adolescence

What is the process where the uterus lining breaks down and is passed out of the vagina

Menstruation

When in the menstrual cycle is a new egg released, and what is it called?

Day 14, ovulation

Why do all living cells respire

To release energy

What two substances are needed for aerobic respiration

Glucose and oxygen

What are the products of aerobic respiration

Water, carbon dioxide (and energy)

Why do organisms need energy?

For everything they do, e.g., making new substances, moving

What is the movement of air into and out of the lungs called?

Ventilation

What is the movement of muscles in the diaphragm and attached to the ribs called

Breathing

What gases are exchanged in the lungs?

Carbon dioxide and oxygen

Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs

Alveoli

When oxygen gets into the blood, what cells does it enter?

Red blood cells

What type of blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

Arteries