midterm 2

Joint Stock Company

Joint Stock Company

Early business model allowing multiple investors to pool resources for colonial ventures, spreading financial risk.

William Bradford

Leader of Plymouth Colony; authored Of Plymouth Plantation, documenting Pilgrim experiences.

English Bill of Rights

1689 document that limited monarchy power, influencing American views on government and individual rights.

Puritans

English religious group aiming to purify the Church of England, leading to Massachusetts Bay Colony founding.

Mayflower Compact

Agreement establishing self-government for Plymouth Colony; an early form of democracy.

Delaware

Colony initially part of Pennsylvania; became a separate entity with strong trade ties.

Dissenters

Religious or political individuals challenging mainstream beliefs, often leading to new communities.

Plymouth Colony

Settled by Pilgrims in 1620; known for early self-government and peaceful relations with Native Americans.

Duke of York

Brother of King Charles II; gained control of New York after English seized it from the Dutch.

Presbyterians

Protestant group influencing New England colonies, emphasizing community and church governance.

Squanto

Native American who aided Pilgrims by teaching vital survival skills, fostering peace with tribes.

New Jersey

Colony founded by Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, originally divided between Quakers and Puritans.

Charles I

English king whose conflicts with Parliament led to the English Civil War, influencing colonial governance.

Wampanoag

Indigenous group that allied with Pilgrims; celebrated the first Thanksgiving with Plymouth settlers.

John Berkeley

Co-founder of New Jersey; granted land from Duke of York, promoting religious freedom.

King James Bible

1611 English Bible translation, standardizing scripture for English-speaking Protestants.

Chief Massassoit

Wampanoag leader who formed a peace treaty with Plymouth settlers, lasting 40 years.

George Carteret

Co-founder of New Jersey, known for bringing Jersey's name and governing style to the colony.

Protestant Reformation

16th-century movement challenging Catholic Church practices, leading to various Protestant sects.

Thanksgiving

Celebration marking Pilgrims' harvest and survival; established peace with Native Americans.

Society of Friends (Quakers)

Religious group emphasizing peace, equality, and simplicity; influential in Pennsylvania.

King Henry VIII

English king who created the Anglican Church to divorce Catherine of Aragon.

Massachusetts Bay Co.

Chartered to settle New England; established Massachusetts Bay Colony with Puritan governance.

Holy Experiment

William Penn's vision for Pennsylvania as a haven for religious freedom and tolerance.

Martin Luther

German monk whose 95 Theses sparked the Protestant Reformation, questioning Catholic doctrine.

Bible Commonwealth

Colonies where religious leaders held civil power, based on Puritan principles (e.g., Massachusetts).

William Penn

Founder of Pennsylvania; promoted religious freedom and fair treatment of Native Americans.

John Calvin

Reformation leader whose doctrines on predestination influenced Puritan beliefs.

City Upon a Hill

Phrase by John Winthrop describing the Puritan goal for a model Christian society.

New Sweden

Swedish colony in present-day Delaware, later incorporated into New Netherland.

Queen Elizabeth I

Monarch who supported English colonization, leading to Roanoke and later successful colonies.

Great Puritan Migration

Mass migration of Puritans to New England seeking religious freedom and societal reform.

Georgia

Colony founded by James Oglethorpe as a buffer against Spanish Florida and refuge for debtors.

Anglican Church

Church of England established by Henry VIII; became dominant in southern colonies.

John Winthrop

Puritan leader of Massachusetts Bay Colony, envisioning it as a moral example to the world.

James Oglethorpe

Founder of Georgia; aimed to reform debt laws and protect British interests against Spain.

Sea Dogs

English privateers like Sir Francis Drake, who raided Spanish ships, aiding English colonial interests.

General Court

Massachusetts governing body, combining legislative and judicial functions in Puritan society.

Debtor Colony

Georgia was intended as a refuge for English debtors, promoting hard work and reform.

Sir Francis Drake

English sea captain and pirate, noted for his role in defeating the Spanish Armada.

Salem Witch Trials

1692 trials in Massachusetts based on fear of witchcraft; led to legal reforms.

19 Trustees

Governing board of the Georgia colony, overseeing it as a refuge and buffer zone.

Invincible Armada

Spanish fleet defeated by England in 1588, establishing English naval dominance.

Roger Williams

Religious dissenter who founded Rhode Island, promoting religious tolerance and separation of church and state.

George II

King during Georgia's founding, supporting Oglethorpe's colonization goals.

Sir Walter Raleigh

Sponsored the Roanoke Colony, which mysteriously disappeared.

Narragansett Indians

Tribe allied with Roger Williams and the Rhode Island Colony, often in conflict with Puritans.

Silkworms

Brought to Georgia to establish a silk industry, though the attempt ultimately failed.

Roanoke Island

Site of the "Lost Colony"; settlers vanished, leaving only "Croatoan" as a clue.

Providence

Rhode Island settlement founded by Roger Williams as a haven for religious dissenters.

Virginia

First permanent English colony; tobacco economy and House of Burgesses set precedents for America.

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan dissenter who challenged gender roles and religious orthodoxy, expelled to Rhode Island.

Jamestown Colony

First successful English settlement in 1607, surviving "Starving Time" through tobacco trade.

Boston

Massachusetts capital and Puritan cultural center; key city in early American history.

Croatoan

The only clue left by the missing Roanoke settlers, carved into a tree.

Thomas Hooker

Puritan minister who founded Connecticut, advocating for expanded voting rights.

Charter of 1606

Granted by King James I to establish English colonies in America, leading to Jamestown's founding.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

First written constitution in America, setting a framework for government.

King James I

Authorized the establishment of the first permanent English colony in America.

written constitution in America

setting a framework for government.

Hartford

Connecticut's capital, co-founded by Thomas Hooker, with democratic principles.

Plymouth Company

Early English joint stock company attempting North American colonization.

English Civil War

Conflict between monarchy and Parliament, influencing colonial self-government and rights.

London Company

Sponsored Jamestown, developing tobacco as a cash crop.

Charles II (Merry Monarch)

English king during the Restoration, granting land for colonies like Pennsylvania and Carolina.

King John

Forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215, limiting royal power and influencing American law.

Oliver Cromwell

Led England as Lord Protector after Civil War, influencing American Puritan settlers.

Magna Carta

Early document limiting monarchial power, forming a basis for American legal principles.

New Haven

Strict Puritan colony merging into Connecticut, emphasizing religious governance.

English Liberties

Rights based on English law and tradition, foundational to American concepts of freedom.

John Davenport

Co-founder of New Haven, known for strict Puritan values and legal codes.

Parliament

English legislative body; its conflicts with monarchy influenced American governance models.

New Hampshire

Settled as part of Massachusetts Bay, later became an independent royal colony.

House of Lords

Upper chamber of English Parliament, representing nobility and church interests.

Maine

Originally part of Massachusetts, became a separate state with frontier and fishing industries.

House of Commons

English legislative body elected by the people, influencing colonial representation.

John Mason

Granted land in New Hampshire, promoting English settlements in the region.

John Smith

Jamestown leader, implemented 'No Work, No Food' policy to ensure colony's survival.

Sir Ferdinando Gorges

Early promoter of New England settlement, often linked with Maine's founding.

Enclosure Movement

English land reform pushing many poor farmers off land, leading to colonial migration.

New England Confederation

Union of Puritan colonies for mutual defense and cooperation.

Pocahontas

Powhatan chief's daughter who aided Jamestown settlers, later married John Rolfe.

Lord Baltimore

Founder of Maryland, envisioned as a Catholic refuge with religious tolerance.

'No Work, No Food'

John Smith's policy in Jamestown, critical for survival during early years.

Maryland

Colony founded by Lord Baltimore as a haven for Catholics.

Starving Time

Winter of 1609-1610 in Jamestown, marked by severe food shortages.

Chesapeake Bay

Region rich in resources, became the center of tobacco farming in colonies.

Powhatan Confederacy

Alliance of Native tribes near Jamestown, initially aiding settlers before conflicts.

Quitrent

Annual tax on land in colonies, symbolizing feudal obligations to proprietors.

Tobacco

Cash crop that boosted Virginia's economy, led to plantation growth and increased demand for labor.

Toleration Act, 1649

Maryland law granting religious freedom to all Christians, promoting religious tolerance.

John Rolfe

Jamestown settler who introduced tobacco cultivation, improving the colony's economy.

'Carolana'

Proposed name for the land granted by King Charles I, eventually split into North and South Carolina.

House of Burgesses

First elected legislative assembly in the colonies, established in Virginia in 1619.

John Locke

Philosopher whose ideas on government and natural rights influenced colonial political thought.

Indentured Servants

Workers contracted to labor in the colonies for a period in exchange for passage to America.

Rice

Staple crop in the Carolinas, grown in large quantities, relying heavily on enslaved labor.

Slavery

System of forced labor that became integral to southern colonies' economies, especially for plantation crops.

New Netherland

Dutch colony in present-day New York, known for trade and diverse population.

Royal Colonies

Colonies directly governed by the British crown, including Virginia and New York.