Comptia A+ Chapter 3 CPU

Clock Wire

tells CPU information is waiting to be proecessed

clock cycle

Single charge to the clock wire of a CPU.

What is the minimum number of clock cycles for CPU to execute a command?

2 up to 100s

clock speed

The speed, or frequency, expressed in MHz, that controls activity on the motherboard and is generated by a crystal or oscillator located somewhere on the motherboard.

1 Hz =

1 cycle per second

1 MHz =

1,000,000 Hz

1 GHz

1 billion cycles per second

CPU clock speed is its

maximum speed

System Crystal

A small, tiny quartz crystal located near the CPU that regulates the general speed of the CPU and the overall system.

What does a Quartz Oscillator do?

sends an electric pulse out at a certain speed millions of times per second

Where does the quartz oscialtor send its signal?

clock chip

What also must be replaces to replace CPU with different clock speed CPU?

replace crystal

CPU must match?

crystal and clock chip send correct clock pulse

computer program

set of instructions that directs the computer to perform a variety of tasks.

Where does the computer program sit?

Hard drive

CPU

Central Processing Unit

What the CPU made from?

silicon based chip

Where is the CPU located?

on motherboard below a heat sink and often a fan assembly

How do we communicate with the CPU?

external data bus on/off patterns

EDB

External Data Bus

Codebook

a book containing coding instructions and the necessary information about variables in the data set

What is applied to go from 0 to 1?

voltage

Binary

The binary number system is base 2, using only bits 0 and 1.

Registers

workbenches that store internal commands and data

General Purpose Registers

AX, BX, CX, DX

32 bit processor general register names

EAX, BAX, CAX, & DAX

64-bit processor general register names

RAX, RBX, RCX, & RDX

machine language

A program written in the basic, simple instructions that the computer understands directly.

instruction set

set of all operations that can be executed by a processor

computer memory

any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or permanently

branch

if statement

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Computer location where instructions and data are stored on a temporary basis. This memory is volatile.

8 bits=

1 byte

4 bits are called a ______________.

to nibble

16 bits

word

32 bits

double word

64 bits

a paragraph or quad word

Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)

Memory built as an integrated circuit; it provides random access to any location.

Address Bus

Pathway from memory to processing unit that carries the address in memory to and from which data is transferred.

memory controller chip (MCC)

Chip that handles memory requests from the CPU. Although once a special chip, it has been integrated into the chipset or CPU on modern computers.

MCC can grab?

contents from any line of RAM

1 kilo =

2^10 = 1024 abbreviated as K

1 Kilobyte (KB)

1024 bytes

1 mega

10^6 = 1 million

1 megabyte

1024 kilobytes

1 giga

10^9 = 1 billion

1 Gigabyte (GB)

1024 megabytes

1 Tera

10^12 = 1 trillion

IEC

International Electrotechnical Commission

ibis

prefix for binary values

1 kibi

2^10 Ki 1024

1 mebi

2^20 Mi

1 gibi

2^30 Gi

1 tebi

2^40

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations

AMD

advanced micro devices

ARM processors

A RISC-based instruction set used as the basis for microprocessors in tablet computers and smartphones.

CISC

(Complex Instruction Set Computer) A general-purpose microprocessor chip designed to handle a wider array of instructions than a RISC chip

CPU end product lines

desktop PC, budget PC, poratble PC, server

Enthusiast CPUs

core i7/i9 vs Ryzen & Ryzen Threadripper

Mainstream Desktop CPUs

Core i7/i5/i3 vs. A series Pro & Ryzen

Budget CPu

Pentium & Celeron vs. A series 7 FX

Portable/Mobile CPU

core i7/i5/i3 (mobile) & Mobile Celeron vs. Ryzen 7 A seies

Server CPU

Xeon vs. Opteron & EPYC

Workstation CPU

Xeon vs. Ryzen Pro & Ryzen Threadripper

Microarchitecture

Specific design of a microprocessor, which includes physical components (registers, logic gates, ALU, cache, etc.) that support a specific instruction set.

Intel Microarchitecture

1st Generation Intel Processors - Nehalem. ...

2nd Generation Intel Processors - Sandy Bridge. ...

3rd Generation Intel Processors - Ivy Bridge. ...

4th Generation Intel Processors - Haswell. ...

5th Generation Intel Processors - Broadwell. ...

6th Generation Intel Processors - Skylake. ...

7th Generation Intel Processors - Kaby Lake.

8th Generation Intel Processors - Kaby Lake R

9th Generation Intel Processors - Coffee Lake

10th Generation Intel Processors - Cannon Lake/Ice Lake

AMD Microarchitecture

K8 series (2003-2014)

K10 series CPUs (2007-2013)

K10 series APUs (2011-)

Bulldozer Series CPUs (2011-2017)

Zen series CPUs and APUs (released 2017)

Zen+ series CPUs and APUs (released 2018)

Zen 2 series CPUs and APUs (released 2019)

mobile needs

consume less electricity

- extend battery life

- create less heat

Throttling

Power reduction/thermal control capability allowing CPUs to slow down during low activity or high heat build-up situations. Intel's version is known as Speed- Step, AMD's as PowerNow!.

Thermal throttling

when heat nears levels that could damage cpu

Thermal Design Power (TDP)

The amount of heat generated by the CPU, which the cooling system in required to dissipate. (watts)

smartphone TDP

2-15 watts

laptop TDP

7 to 65 watts

desktop TDP

50 to 140 watts

clock-multiplying CPU

CPU that takes the incoming clock signal and multiples it inside the CPU to let the internal circuitry of the CPU run faster.

CPUID

What newer technology automatically configures CPU multipliers and speeds?

64-bit processor

A microprocessor with registers, address bus, and a data bus that hold 64 bits of data, in contrast to 32-bit processors that hold 32 bits of data

MMX (multimedia extensions)

Multimedia instructions built into Intel processors to add functionality such as better processing of multimedia, SIMD support, and increased cache.

primary benefit of 64 bit processing

16 EB or 2^64 of RAM was 4 GB, enhances programs that work with large files like video editing

x86

Describes 32-bit operating systems and software.

x64

Describes 64-bit operating systems and software.

x86-64 bit processor

Hybrid processors that can process 32 bits or 64 bits.

Virtualization Support (virtual technology)

- This is support for running multiple instances of an operating system which are separate computer environments which share hardware resources.

- Adds a separating layer between the physical system and the operating system.

parallel execution

When a multicore CPU processes more than one thread.

Pipelining

Technique that allows the CPU to work on more than one instruction at a time

Current CPUs have up to how many stages in the pipeline

20 stages

pipeline stalls

complex command that requires more than 1 clock cycle

floating point unit

The part of a CPU core that performs decimal arithmetic.

cache

Threads

Separate, independent tasks within a job.

wait state

Occurs when the CPU has to wait for RAM to provide code. Also known as pipeline stall.

L1 Cache (Level 1)

Memory on the processor die used as a cache to improve processor performance.

L2 Cache (Level 2)

Memory in the processor package but not on the processor die. The memory is used as a cache or buffer to improve processor performance.

Static RAM (SRAM)

RAM chips that retain information without the need for refreshing, as long as the computer's power is on. They are more expensive than traditional DRAM.

L3 Cache (Level 3)

Cache memory further from the processor core than Level 2 cache but still in the processor package.

backside bus

connects the processor to cache

double pumped front side bus

Multithreading

A technology that allows multiple parts or threads from a program to run simultaneously.

Caveats to multi-threading

OS & application must be able to handle it

this does not double processor speed