Biology
norris
kennedy norris
JSU
DNA
DNA structure
DNA function
haploid
diploid
chromosomes
nucleotides
DNA replication
DNA polymerase
DNA mutation
mutation
neoplasms
malignant
benign
mutagen
transcription
translation
DNA transcription
DNA translation
RNA
mitosis
telomere
telomeres
meiosis
allele
sexual reproduction
asexual reproduction
genetics
codominance
incomplete dominance
punnett square
punett square
evolution
charles darwin
macroevolution
microevolution
University/Undergrad
RNA
transcription is the process of genes being transcribed into ( )
thymine
Which is NOT one of the nucleotides found in RNA: adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
cytoplasm
where does translation take place within the cell
tRNA
which type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes to make proteins
malignant
which type of neoplasms grow fast, spread, and are dangerous to the organism's health
single
RNA molecules are ( ) stranded
double
DNA molecules are ( ) stranded
nucleus
where does transcription take place within the cell
metaphase
which phase of mitosis involves the chromosomes lining up in the middle of the cell
introns
( ) are removed from newly made mRNA strands because they do not code for proteins
meiosis
halves the number of chromosomes
fertilization
restores the number of chromosomes
if fruit flies have a diploid chromosome number of 8 then how many chromosomes do their gametes have?
4
Gregor Mendel
the father of modern genetics
sexual reproduction in animals requires ( )
meiosis, fertilization, gametes
ff
if an individual is homozygous recessive for a trait, what would their allele combination look like?
haploid
this type of cell has one set of chromosomes
diploid
this type of cell has two sets of chromosomes
the four nucleotides that make up DNA
Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T)
chromosomes
tightly packed DNA, two sister chromatids that are joined together
What does DNA polymerase do?
assemble new strands of DNA at primers using nucleotides. Like a printer, catch mistakes during DNA replication
mutations can be..
beneficial, neutral, or harmful
mutation
permanent change in the DNA sequence of a chromosome
how mutations happen
Nucleotide may be moved or deleted, Extra nucleotide may be added, Replicated DNA that isn’t like parent strand
common causes of mutations
Chemical exposure, infectious agents, direct damage to DNA
mutagen
chemical that permanently changes DNA
transcription
Process of copying a gene into RNA form
what does transcription do?
this process makes 3 types of RNA (rRNA, tRNA, mRNA)
translation
Using mRNA to build proteins from amino acids
what does translation do?
this process makes a protein
rRNA
ribosomal RNA
tRNA
transfer RNA
mRNA
messenger RNA
genes
segments of DNA that contain information about certain traits
where does transcription occur?
nucleus
where does translation occur?
cytoplasm
intron
segments of genes that are removed from newly made mRNA strands because they do not code for proteins
exon
segments of genes that code for proteins
telomere
regions of noncoding DNA at the ends of chromosomes
telling age with telomeres
They act as a cushion to protect genes in DNA, they shorten when cells divide and when they’re too short the cell dies, causes organisms to get weak with age
chromosomes number of parent and daughter cells..
is the same
malignant neoplasms
grow fast, spread, and are dangerous to the organism's health
benign neoplasms
don’t spread, grow slowly, don’t negatively affect health.
apoptosis
Major mistakes that can’t be fixed by checkpoint genes can trigger this; Self destruct button that starts cell death
asexual reproduction uses..
mitosis only
sexual reproduction uses..
meiosis and mitosis
what does meiosis do to chromosome number?
halves the number of chromosomes
what does fertilization do to chromosome number?
restores chromosome number
allele
different forms of the same gene
sexual reproduction
reproduction with offspring from two parents, creates genetically unique offspring
asexual reproduction
single parent copies itself to make offspring, genetically identical offspring
codominance
two dominant alleles, often see a mix of the two traits, both traits are present
incomplete dominance
both alleles aren’t fully dominant or recessive, often get a combo of the two traits
punnett square
four principles of evolution
Variation in traits, inheritance of traits, selection (encourage, discourage) of traits, time
macroevolution
large scale evolutionary changes over a long period of time, most controversial part of evolution
microevolution
evolutionary change within a species over a short period of time (like the croatian lizards)
mutations create..
new alleles
Charles Darwin
studied finches on the Galapagos Islands, best known for the understanding of evolutionary biology, natural selection
speciation
the formation of new and distinct species during evolution, ancestral population splits up and form new species
fitness
how well a species is suited for a particular environment
evolution
a process of gradual change that takes place over many generations, during which species of animals, plants, or insects slowly change some of their physical characteristics, change of population