Exam 3 Study Guide

RNA

transcription is the process of genes being transcribed into ( )

thymine

Which is NOT one of the nucleotides found in RNA: adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

cytoplasm

where does translation take place within the cell

tRNA

which type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes to make proteins

malignant

which type of neoplasms grow fast, spread, and are dangerous to the organism's health

single

RNA molecules are ( ) stranded

double

DNA molecules are ( ) stranded

nucleus

where does transcription take place within the cell

metaphase

which phase of mitosis involves the chromosomes lining up in the middle of the cell

introns

( ) are removed from newly made mRNA strands because they do not code for proteins

meiosis

halves the number of chromosomes

fertilization

restores the number of chromosomes

if fruit flies have a diploid chromosome number of 8 then how many chromosomes do their gametes have?

4

Gregor Mendel

the father of modern genetics

sexual reproduction in animals requires ( )

meiosis, fertilization, gametes

ff

if an individual is homozygous recessive for a trait, what would their allele combination look like?

haploid

this type of cell has one set of chromosomes

diploid

this type of cell has two sets of chromosomes

the four nucleotides that make up DNA

Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T)

chromosomes

tightly packed DNA, two sister chromatids that are joined together

What does DNA polymerase do?

assemble new strands of DNA at primers using nucleotides. Like a printer, catch mistakes during DNA replication

mutations can be..

beneficial, neutral, or harmful

mutation

permanent change in the DNA sequence of a chromosome

how mutations happen

Nucleotide may be moved or deleted, Extra nucleotide may be added, Replicated DNA that isn’t like parent strand

common causes of mutations

Chemical exposure, infectious agents, direct damage to DNA

mutagen

chemical that permanently changes DNA

transcription

Process of copying a gene into RNA form

what does transcription do?

this process makes 3 types of RNA (rRNA, tRNA, mRNA)

translation

Using mRNA to build proteins from amino acids

what does translation do?

this process makes a protein

rRNA

ribosomal RNA

tRNA

transfer RNA

mRNA

messenger RNA

genes

segments of DNA that contain information about certain traits

where does transcription occur?

nucleus

where does translation occur?

cytoplasm

intron

segments of genes that are removed from newly made mRNA strands because they do not code for proteins

exon

segments of genes that code for proteins

telomere

regions of noncoding DNA at the ends of chromosomes

telling age with telomeres

They act as a cushion to protect genes in DNA, they shorten when cells divide and when they’re too short the cell dies, causes organisms to get weak with age

chromosomes number of parent and daughter cells..

is the same

malignant neoplasms

grow fast, spread, and are dangerous to the organism's health

benign neoplasms

don’t spread, grow slowly, don’t negatively affect health.

apoptosis

Major mistakes that can’t be fixed by checkpoint genes can trigger this; Self destruct button that starts cell death

asexual reproduction uses..

mitosis only

sexual reproduction uses..

meiosis and mitosis

what does meiosis do to chromosome number?

halves the number of chromosomes

what does fertilization do to chromosome number?

restores chromosome number

allele

different forms of the same gene

sexual reproduction

reproduction with offspring from two parents, creates genetically unique offspring

asexual reproduction

single parent copies itself to make offspring, genetically identical offspring

codominance

two dominant alleles, often see a mix of the two traits, both traits are present

incomplete dominance

both alleles aren’t fully dominant or recessive, often get a combo of the two traits

punnett square

four principles of evolution

Variation in traits, inheritance of traits, selection (encourage, discourage) of traits, time

macroevolution

large scale evolutionary changes over a long period of time, most controversial part of evolution

microevolution

evolutionary change within a species over a short period of time (like the croatian lizards)

mutations create..

new alleles

Charles Darwin

studied finches on the Galapagos Islands, best known for the understanding of evolutionary biology, natural selection

speciation

the formation of new and distinct species during evolution, ancestral population splits up and form new species

fitness

how well a species is suited for a particular environment

evolution

a process of gradual change that takes place over many generations, during which species of animals, plants, or insects slowly change some of their physical characteristics, change of population