AP Psych-Social Psychology and Personality

person perception

how we form impressions of ourselves and others, including attributions of behavior

attribution theory

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’t stable enduring traits

external attribution

attribution of blaming the situation

internal attribution

attribution of blaming the person’s traits

fundamental attribution error

the tendency of observers, when analyzing other’s behaviors, to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition; when something good happens, it’s because of us and if something bad happens, it’s because of the environment

actor observer bias

the tendency for those acting in a situation to attribute their behavior to external causes, but for observers to attribute others’ behavior to internal causes

prejudice

an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members; involved with feelings and attitudes

stereotype

a generalized belief about a group of people; beliefs about a person due to a common trait

discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior towards a group or its members; negative actions/behaviors

reasons for people being prejudice

observed in household, we can’t hold so much information, makes us feel good

explicit bias

aware of a conscious bias; happens on purpose

implicit bias

unaware of a bias occurring; happens subconsciously

just-world phenomenon

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get; victim blaming/karma

social identity

the “we” aspect of our self concept; we belong to different groups

in-group

we favor our own group over others

out-group

group outside of our own

scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

ethnocentrism

thinking our own group is superior to others

availability heuristic

drawing on things that are readily available to us

other-race effect(also known as cross-race effect or own-race bias)

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races

attitudes

feelings often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

three components of attitude

beliefs, actions, feelings

compliance

going along with a request; request given and what you decide to do

implicit request

request with no words spoken

explicit request

request with spoken words

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

door-in-the-face phenomenon

where a large, likely to be refused, request is followed by a smaller one

low-ball approach(bait and switch)

lock in an oral commitment and then switch that they agreed to which can be more time consuming

role

a set of expectation(norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

cognitive dissonance theory(internal tension)

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent; actions contradict belief, so you either change your blief or action

persuasion(elaborative likelihood model)

changing people’s attitudes

peripheral route persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cue; anything other than data

central route persuasion

occurs when interested people’s thinking is influenced by considering arguments and evidence; looking at data that backs it up

norms

a society’s understood rules for accepted and expected behavior

social contagion

the mimicking of behavior we see around us

chameleon effect

mimicking physical actions like yawning and facial expression

conformity

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

informative social influences

influence resulting from a person’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

obediance

complying with an order or command

depersonalization

not knowing the person involved

minority influence

once one person disagrees or says no, resilience builds

social facilitation

in the presence of others, improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks

social impairment

doing worse when in the presence of others

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts towards a common goal than when individually accountable

deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

group polarization

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclination through discussion within their group; the longer a like-minded group stays together, the more extreme their views become/ strengthen their belief

groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, values, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to another

tight culture

a place with clearly defined and reliable imposed norms

loose culture

a place with flexible and informal norms

aggression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally; intended to harm

amygdala

part of the brain responsible for emotions

frontal lobe

part of the brain responsible for higher level processing

frustration-aggresion principle

the principle that frustration(the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal) created anger. which can generate aggression; you have a goal in mind but it is blocked

social scripts

the culturally provided schema for how we act in certain situations

social learning theory

the theory of learning that when we see something happen, we think its okay and we do it ourselves

proximity

geographical nearness provides opportunity for attraction; the more we come into contact and we don’t dislike them, you like them more

matching hypothesis

people are more likely to form and maintain romantic relationships with partners who are similar to them in physical attraction

reward theory of attraction

theory that states we will like those whose behaviors will help us achieve our goals and feels rewarding to us

passionate love

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship

compassionate love

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom we are lives are intertwined

equity

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in portions to what they give to it

self-disclosure

the act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others

transferred exciation

excitement from one thing carriers over to another

breadth

how many details you know

depth

how much you really know

sternberg’s triangular theory of love

three components involved in the various types of love: passion, intimacy, and commitment

companion love

mix of intimacy and commitment

fatuous love

mix of passion and commitment

romantic love

mix of intimacy and passion

altruism

unselfish regard for welfare of others

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

diffusion of responsibility

the mindset of it isn’t my problem so I am not gonna help out

social exchange theory

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimizes cost for us; gain more than what you give

reciprocity norm

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them; if someone helps me, I’ll help them

social-responsibility norm

an expectation that people will help those needing their help; help people in society because of shared values and characteristics

empathy-altruism theory

unselfish helping can occur as the result of empathy with another person; feel what they feel, help out so they can stop the pain

empathy

understanding or appreciating the other person’s emotional state

evolutionary theory

altruistic behavior is inherited because it protects, not the individual, but the individual’s genes; help to spread genes

conflict

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

social trap

a situation in which two parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, becomes caught in mutuality destructive behavior

prisoner’s dilemma

we are always competing, if you think you have the advantage, you’ll take it

common dilemma

people have to decide how much to take from a common resource

public good dilemma

people must decide how much to contribute to a common resource

mirror-image perception

mutual views often held by conflicting parties, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful, and views the other side as evil and aggressive; both are involved in the same conflict, but you see your side as better

self-fulfillment prophecy

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment, occurs when schemas cause us to subtly lead people to behave in line with our expectations

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

GRIT-graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension

a strategy designed to decrease international tension