Exam #4 Micro

What is immunity?

Resistance from pathogens/infection.

What branch of the immune system helps develop long-term immunity?

Adaptive-Memory B & T-cells.

What is passive immunity?

Immunity gained through antibodies from an external source.

What is active immunity?

Immunity gained through illness and recovery or vaccination.

What are the types of vaccines?

Live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, and nucleic acid vaccines.

What is an adjuvant?

An added ingredient to illicit a stronger immune response, often found in a conjugated vaccine.

What is herd immunity?

When a large portion of a population is immune, indirectly protecting unimmunized individuals.

What is R0?

The basic reproduction number indicating how many people an infected individual will infect.

What is a booster?

An extra dose of a vaccine to increase or restore immunity.

What antibiotic class inhibits cell wall synthesis?

β-Lactams.

What distinguishes a probiotic from a prebiotic?

Probiotics are live microbiota; prebiotics are food that nourishes gut flora.

What is the main target of antifungals?

Cell wall (chitin) synthesis.

What are bacteriophages?

Viruses that specifically attack and kill bacteria.

What is phage therapy?

The use of bacteriophages to kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

What are Kirbye-Bauer assays used for?

To determine antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria.

What is antibiotic hydrolysis?

When bacteria produce enzymes that break down the antibiotic.

What is Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT)?

Transplanting microbes from a healthy donor’s feces into a patient to restore healthy gut flora.

What is the significance of vaccines?

They provide immunity and protect immunocompromised individuals.

Who was Edward Jenner?

The English physician who developed the first vaccine.

Who was Maurice Hilleman?

An American microbiologist known for developing over 40 vaccines, mostly for children.

How do probiotics confer health benefits?

By competitively excluding pathogens, stimulating the immune system, and enhancing epithelial barriers.

What is antibiotic modification?

When resistant bacteria enzymatically modify antibiotics to prevent them from functioning.

What is the mechanism of Resistant bacteria to penicillin?

Antibiotic hydrolysis by beta-lactamase, which breaks down beta-lactam.

What are the benefits of Fecal Microbiota Transplants (FMT)?

Restores diverse and healthy gut flora, with an 80-90% cure rate for CDI.