Praxis 5001 (Reading) (186 Questions and answers with diagrams ) 2025-2026

alphabetic principle

an understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken words.

phonics

teaching reading by training beginners to associate letters with their sound values

声学

pragmatics

the study of language use such matters as deixis, taking turns in conversation, text organization, presupposition, and implicature.

语用学

fast mapping

The process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure to the word.

morpheme division

study of word formation and structure of words - dividing syllables

phonic construction

The putting together of the sounds to make the whole word

phonemic segmentation

ability to break word down into basic sound units.

syllabication

forming or dividing words into syllables

habituation

a general accommodation to unchanging environmental conditions

习惯化

underextension

occur when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to

telegraphic speech

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words

dipthong

a speech sound that consists of either two vowels or a vowel and a semivowel contained in a single syllable ie snout; boy

affixes

parts added to the beginning (prefix) or end (suffix) of a root word to create new words.

etymology

the study of the sources and development of words

词源学

phonemic awareness

The ability to hear, identify,and manipulate the individual sounds, phonemes, in oral language.

oral vocabulary

Words that we use in speaking or recognize in listening

analytical skills

the ability to identify relevant issues, recognize their importance, understand the relationships between them, and perceive the underlying causes of a situation

分析能力

Pre-alphabetic phase

Not connecting the letters and sounds of the logo.

Early alphabetic phase

students recognize some letters of the alphabet and can use them together with context to remember words by sight.

Late alphabetic phase

readers possess extensive working knowledge of the graphophonemic system, and they can use this knowledge to analyze fully the connections between graphemes and phonemes in words. They can decode unfamiliar words and store fully analyzed sight words in memory.

Orthographic phase

Students are able to sound out familiar and unfamiliar words. Know letter sounds and read most common words automatically. At this point students are most able to enjoy and obtain knowledge from reading.

Semantics

the study of language meaning

语义学

Literal comprehension

refers to the understanding of information that is explicitly stated in a written passage. (main idea, sequence of events, knowlege of vocabulary)

Critical comprehension

One of the highest levels of understanding. Requires readers to think beyond the printed page. Ex. indicating whether text is true or false, distinguishing between fact and opinion, detecting propaganda, judging whether the author is qualified to write the text, recognizing bias and fallacies, identifying stereotypes, making assumptions.

Metacognition

an explicit understanding of how learning works and an awareness of yourself as a learner. AKA Thinking about thinking.

元认知

syntactic clues

grammatical cues like word order, function words, and word endings

morphological rules

a set of rules that indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words

connotative meaning

The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

blends

two letters that are pronounced together with each letter retaining it pronunciation (dr, bl, sm, rst)

onomatopoeia

using words that imitate the sound they denote

拟声

rhyming couplets

a pair of rhyming lines that usually have the same meter and length

internal rhyme

a rhyme between words in the same line

alliteration

use of the same consonant at the beginning of each stressed syllable in a line of verse

n. （诗歌的）头韵

satire

witty language used to convey insults or scorn

讽刺诗，讽刺文学：literary ridicule

paradox

a statement that at first seems to be absurd or self-contradictory but which may in fact turn out to be true

n.矛盾；似矛盾而正确的说法

悖论

metaphor

comparison not using like or as; Josh was a volcano ready to blow!

暗喻

n.隐喻，暗喻

simile

a figure of speech that expresses a resemblance between things of different kinds (usually formed with 'like' or 'as')

n.明喻

digressive

(of e.g. speech and writing) tending to depart from the main point or cover a wide range of subjects

a.离题的，枝节的

jargon

specialized technical terminology characteristic of a particular subject

行话

n.暗语；行话

anthropomorphic

attributing human characteristics or qualities to objects, animals, or gods

拟人化的

complex sentence

a sentence composed of at least one main clause and one subordinate clause

复合句

main clause

a clause in a complex sentence that can stand alone as a complete sentence

主句

subordinate clause

a clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb

从句

literary elements

The essential techniques used in literature (e.g., characterization, setting, plot, theme).

narrative tone

the basic sense of the story:

optimism: comedy, romance

pessimism: tragedy, irony

that comes from attachment: secure vs. insecure

and a sense of self: clearly defined vs. amorphous

Colloquial

characteristic of informal spoken language or conversation rather than formal speech or writing

口语的

MLA format

Stands for Modern Language Association--An accepted formatting for essays, in-text citations, and bibliographic information. It is a way to efficiently standardize formatting.

phrase structure

links all the parts together in a structure like that of a family tree. Example: The Noun Phrase Sidney Bechet combines with the Verb Phrase played the soprano, to get the sentence: Sidney Bechet played the soprano.

phonemes

Smallest units of sound in the human language, like consonants or vowels

head word

a word that had the same grammatical function as the phrase that has been built around it e.g. in a noun phrase, the head word is a noun

Analytical

using or skilled in using analysis (i.e., separating a whole--intellectual or substantial--into its elemental parts or basic principles);

intending to understand the nature of something

a.分析的,解析的

Expository

explanatory; serving to explain; N. exposition: explaining; exhibition

解释的

affect vs effect

"Affect" usually a verb meaning "to influence"

The drug did not affect a disease.

"Effect" is noun mean "result"

The drug has many adverse side effect.

"Effect" also a verb mean "to bring about"

The government effected many positive changes., AFFECT: verb EFFECT: noun

Aardvark is "a very easy noun" or "affect verb effect noun"

AFFECT: to influence or to change: "The rain affected my hair."; to act in a way that you don't feel as in "He affected an air of superiority".

EFFECT: as a result. "The rain had no effect on my hair."

* The arrow affected aardvark. *

* The effect was eye-popping. *

amphiboly

an ambiguous grammatical construction

Ex. e.g., 'they are flying planes' can mean either that someone is flying planes or that something is flying planes

Subject-verb agreement

subject stays the same; verb must be singular or plural to match the subject

webbing

A visual grouping of ideas with connections to other ideas

copy editing

The processing of proofreading copy and making necessary corrections and changes

independent clause

a clause in a complex sentence that can stand alone as a complete sentence

独立分句

Anaphora

repetition of a word or phrase as the beginning of successive clauses

首语重复法

four key elements to good listening

Hear the message

Interpret the message

Evaluate the message

Respond to the message

Decoding

the process of translating the symbols contained in a message into meaning and interpreting the message

Letter-Sound Correspondence

The matching of an oral sound to its corresponding letter or group of letters.

Sight Words

words children identify quickly, accurately, and effortlessly. are high-frequency words introduced to children vicually for easy recognition.

Compound Words

Two or more words combined to create a new word.

Over-regularization

occur when grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized to irregular cases where they do not apply. (I hitted the ball, the girl goed home)

Formulaic speech

Also known as the Intermediate Language Proficiency stage. The learner knows about 6,000 receptive words and begins to make complex statements, state opinions, ask for clarification, share thoughts, and speak at greater length.

Fluency

the quality of being facile in speech and writing

n.流利,流畅,雄辩

orthographic stage

uses spelling patterns to recognize famliar words

silent period

The first stage of the process of second language acquisition, the preproduction stage, the CLD students may not communicate during this period except in nonverbal ways.

nativist approach

the theory that a genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development

phonics approach

teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter and of various letter combinations

alphabetic approach

Teaching reading by teaching the letters then putting the letters together to words

whole language approach

An approach to reading instruction based on the idea that instruction should parallel children's natural language learning. Reading materials should be whole and meaningful.

morphemes

smallest meaningful units of speech; simple words, suffixes, prefixes; examples: red, hot, calm, -ed, pre-

past participle

a participle that expresses completed action

过去分词

participle

a verb form that can be used as an adjective

n.分词

metacognitive reader

awareness of our own knowledge and ability to understand, control and manipulate our own cognitive processes. ie. thinking about thinking

Prose

ordinary speech or writing without rhyme or meter; referring to speech or writing other than verse

散文

Non-fiction

writing that tells about real people, places, and events

Poetry

literature in metrical form

n.诗歌，诗集

Unreliable first-person narration

a narrator, whether in literature, film, or theatre, whose credibility has been seriously compromised

Omniscient third-person narration

the narrator tells what all the characters are thinking,feeling, and doing

Reliable second-person narration

Another person tells the observations thoughts and feelings about the one character. Most sentences start with you.

Limited third-person narration

the narrator tells the story from a limited viewpoint of only one character,referring to the character as he or she

pictograph

a graph that uses pictures to show and compare information

象形文字

adjective

the word class that qualifies nouns

形容词

adverb

the word class that qualifies verbs or clauses

n.副词 a.副词的

conjunction

something that joins or connects

n.联合；连词

interjection

A word or phrase sometimes inserted between other words, often expressing emotion; a word not linked grammatically to other words in a sentence

n.插入语；感叹词

imperative sentence

A sentence that requests or commands

祈使句

compound sentence

A sentence is composed of at least two independent clauses. It does not require a dependent clause. The clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction (with or without a comma), a correlative conjunction (with or without a comma), a semicolon that functions as a conjunction, or a conjunctive adverb preceded by a semicolon.

复合句

interrogative sentence

a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply

疑问句

Expressive skills

Speaking and Writing

Receptive skills

listening and reading

Selectivity

You must determine what is most important, and select those parts to begin the process of studying and learning.

选择，选择性

Rhetorical skills

（修辞技巧）

Heighten followers' emotional levels and inspire them to embrace the vision

Current research on emergent literacy states

（关于新兴文化状态的研究现状）

reading and writing develop concurrently in inter related ways

single best predictor in academic success in ESL students

vocabulary knowledge

most effective activity to develop students' concepts of print

listening to teachers read aloud

L.S. Vygotsky's exemplary instruction in literacy

implements a variety of grouping practices based on student's strengths and weakeness