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politics
Exercise of power
Public allocation of things that are valued
Resolution of conflict
Competition among individuals and groups pursuing their own interests
Determination of who gets what when and how
Process through which power and influence are used in the promotion of certain values and interests
levels of analysis
Global, state, regional, local, familial
Governmental v. non-governmental
power
the ability to compel someone to do what one wants them to
authority
what makes it possible to concentrate power
government
a group of people with ultimate authority over a territory
legitimacy
the belief that whoever has authority should have authority [by results, habit, and/or procedure]
state
an organized territory with authority over its borders, security, the economy, the welfare of its citizens, etc.
observational research
Data already exists in the world, the researcher gathers it
Researcher observes patterns of connection between independent and dependent variables
Researcher must figure out ways to control for other factors influencing outcomes
types: surveys, statistical analyses, and qualitative methodologies
experiments
Researcher manipulates the independent variable to create new data
Researcher accounts for other factors through random assignment to treatment and control groups
Experiments provide higher rates of internal validity compared to observational studies but sacrifice external validity since they are not conducted in the “real world”
The researchers can manipulate the independent variable
types: experimental surveys, games, and field experiments
collective action
Involves collective decision-making, collaboration, and joint activities aimed at bringing about social, political, or economic change
Can take various forms, such as protests, strikes, boycotts, or advocacy campaigns
Often aims to bring about social, political, or economic change
By pooling resources, knowledge, and efforts → can have a greater impact than individual actions
Successful: requires effective communication, organization, and leadership
public good
a good or service that everyone can enjoy regardless of whether they contribute anything
Non-rivalrous — supply is not impacted by consumption
Non-excludable — one cannot prevent someone from using the public good
ideology
Inform personal opinions and public activity
Helps to make sense of politics and gain allies for public debate
Based on assumptions about how the world works and our prioritization of different basic values
How individuals make sense of personal views and how they correlate with broader societies
due process
criteria
People can’t be accused of crimes unless they could have been aware of the law before the crime was committed
When people are accused of crimes, they must be told what they’re being charged with and with what evidence, and they must be allowed to gather and present their own evidence to counter the charges
Judges may not interest or bias and must remain attentive
Once a judgement has been made, means for later consideration (appeals) must be available
effective policy
a policy that gives the state and the people of the state the greatest benefits at the least cost
Takes into the social cost of government action, including positive and negative externalities (indirect results) of policy
europe
place
Pre-modern agriculture produced little if any surplus, and poor transportation limited trade by land to a roughly 20-mile radius
There were some exceptions to this limitation
Nobles violently seized control of regions and controlled mills to get surpluses
Kings wanted to monetize the micro-economies in order to get surpluses directly from peasants and create a bureaucracy to challenge the nobles
Merchants monetized the economy through trade and established armed trading cities
Because there were extensive coastlines and waterways in Europe, merchants were a lot more powerful (relatively) compared to kings
peace of westphalia
Ended the 30 Years War (in the Holy Roman Empire) and the 80 Years War (in the Spain and the Dutch Republic)
Created sovereign states without an international superior governing entity
Individual states largely decide their own systems of law making/enforcement and dispute settlement
The primary goal of international law is to create minimal rules of co-existence
Enduring relationships are optimal but individual states’ needs come first
Cross-border violations should be settled privately
All states are legally equal
Differences may be settled by force
The primary goal of the states as a collective should be maximizing their own freedom
modern europe
Formed by revolution (consolidations of power against an elite ruling class)
Colonialism
colonialism
reasoning
Increased economic growth due to industrialization: wealthier people want more done for them and are willing to pay for it
Increased “hidden taxes” (eg. excise taxes, payroll withholding of income taxes)
Electoral democracy leads to party competition
Government bureaucracies develop pressure for expansion
World trade makes governments lose control over what’s happening in the state, leading them to grow to attempt to maintain power
GDP
the total amount of all economic transactions in a state
PPP
GDP per capita adjusted to take into account the fluctuations in value of other currencies relative to the dollar
progressive tax
a tax that takes a greater percentage of income from a person who is relatively well off and a smaller percentage from one who is not doing as well
structural functionalism
Ir theory that emphasizes governmental structures and a state’s key functions (not unique to democracies)
political socialization
the process through which individuals acquire their orientation toward the political world
Affective (emotional) and cognitive (intellectual)