European Maritime Exploration

What were some key technological and cultural transfers from Al-Andalus to Medieval Europe?

Medicine, numbers, music, books, foods, textiles, and technology were transferred from Al-Andalus to Europe.

What items were transferred from the Islamic Caliphates to Europe during the Crusades?

Compass, coffee, numbers, medicine, silks, and paper.

What innovations did Imperial China transfer to the Islamic Caliphates?

Trade goods, astrology, and paper making.

What goods did Zheng He's voyages introduce from Africa and Asia to China?

Ivory, horn, perfume, giraffe, pepper, and cloth.

What is an astrolabe and which culture mastered its use?

It is a tool created by the Greeks and mastered by the Islamic world to measure the position of celestial bodies to determine location.

How did European mariners, such as the Portuguese, use their understanding of wind patterns to improve sea travel?

They understood the circular gyre of trade winds and would sail west to reach India to avoid sailing directly into the winds.

What was a Caravel?

A 15th-century Portuguese ship with lateen sails, used to explore the West African coast and sail into the wind.

Which of Columbus's ships were examples of the Caravel design?

The Niña and the Pinta.

What was a Carrack?

A 15th-century ocean-going ship with 3-4 masts, used for trade along the coasts of Africa, Asia, and in the Americas.

Which of Columbus's ships was an example of the Carrack design?

The Santa Maria.

What was a Fluyt and what was its main advantage?

A 16th-century Dutch cargo ship that could carry twice the cargo for half the price with half the crew.

By 1670, Fluyts carried _ of all European sea trade.

half

What spurred continued Northern Atlantic crossings by Europeans?

Fishing, settlements, and the search for multiple routes to Asia.

What was the result of the Portuguese development of a school of navigation, led by Prince Henry?

It led to increased travel and trade with West Africa and the construction of a global trading-post empire.

Who led the expansion of official Chinese maritime activity into the Indian Ocean region?

Ming Admiral Zheng He.

In what year did the official Chinese maritime voyages led by Zheng He end?

1433

What was the impact of the first Columbian and subsequent Spanish voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific?

It dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade.

Why were exchange and communication networks in Oceania and Polynesia not dramatically affected by European exploration in this era?

Because of infrequent European reconnaissance in the Pacific Ocean.

Where were the major silver mines located that fueled global trade between 1570-1750?

In Spanish America, with a major mine at Potosí.

What was the primary destination for silver flowing from Spanish America through Manila?

Ming China.

Besides Ming China, which other empires were major destinations for the primary flow of silver?

The Ottoman Empire and Mughal India.

The _ was a network of transoceanic interactions between Europe, Africa, and the Americas from c. 1450-1750.

Atlantic System

In the Atlantic System, what goods were typically shipped from Europe to Africa?

Guns and cloth.

What was the 'Middle Passage' within the Atlantic System?

The forced transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas.

What raw materials were shipped from the Americas to Europe as part of the Atlantic System?

Sugar, tobacco, furs, lumber, and whale oil.

What manufactured goods were shipped from Europe to its colonies in the Americas?

Manufactured goods, tea, spices, tools, and rum.

What is the Columbian Exchange?

The widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, humans, technology, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Name four plants that were transferred from the Americas (New World) to the Old World.

Tobacco, pumpkin, potatoes, tomatoes, corn, cacao, vanilla (any four).

Name two animals that were transferred from the Americas (New World) to the Old World.

Turkey and llamas.

Name four diseases that were transferred from the Old World to the New World.

Smallpox, measles, influenza, malaria (any four).

Name four plants or crops that were transferred from the Old World to the New World.

Coffee, citrus, banana, sugar cane, grains (any four).

Name three animals that were transferred from the Old World to the New World.

Honey bee, pig, sheep, cattle.

Define Chattel Slavery.

A system where people are bought and sold as the personal property of the owner.

What is Indentured Servitude?

A system where people enter into a contract with an employer to serve as labor for a fixed amount of time.

What was the Encomienda System?

A system where the King of Spain granted a person a set number of Native Americans for labor, who in return were Christianized and protected.

How did the Spanish adapt the Incan Mit'a system?

They coerced the Incan Mit'a to provide 1/7 of their labor to Spain, often for cash crops, whereas the original system was for the common good.

Who were the Gentry in the context of European social hierarchy?

Known as the 2nd Estate, they were nobles of high social standing.

Who were the Creoles in the Spanish Empire?

Elites of European descent born in the Americas who were often overlooked for top positions in favor of Peninsulares.

What role did Creoles play post-1750?

They led revolutions against Spanish rule.

What new elite group wielded great social status and power globally in all port cities?

Urban commercial entrepreneurs.

Who were the Manchus?

An ethnic group that defeated the Ming in 1644 and established a new dynasty in China.

How did the Manchus rule China after 1644?

They ruled dyarchically while maintaining a position of superiority to the Chinese.