October 31

proximate determinants

proximate determinants

things that have to change for fertility to change

fertility

to change _______ behaviors, we need to change proximate determinants and to set the stage

demand theory

theory examining why people have children

labor, son

demand theory views children as security and _______ and takes into account _____ preference in countries with high fertility

quantity-quality

demand theory explains the ____ tradeoff -> increase in income = decreased fertility

opportunity costs theory

theory that examines women's facing opportunity costs during pregnancy and childbearing due to unfinished education or leaving the labor force

Easterlin

developed the synthesis framework with Crimmins

synthesis framework

examines the cost of regulation both financial and social

contraception, pressure

financial costs of regulation are about access to _______ and social costs of regulation are about the ______ to have kids and stigma

ideational change theory

theory that sees cultural change and increasing individualism as partly responsible for fertility decrease

Westernization

ideational change theory focuses on ________ and the focus on own values

second

ideational change theory takes into account the _______ demographic transition

innovation diffusion theory

theory that thinks new ideas are spread through populations and that is what causes fertility decline

social interaction

innovation diffusion theory considers the _______ _______ perspective that says interactions between people explain fertility declines

institutional explanations

sees social institutions such as gender norms and government as a cause of fertility decline

Incomptability

institutional explanations focus on role _________ as a cause of declining fertility

cyclical pattern

focuses on people's relative position in the economy. for smaller cohorts it's easier to find jobs so they have bigger families but then larger cohorts have a hard time at increasing their material aspirations to they have fewer kids ....

wealth flows theory

theory that assumes that when children are economically important = the wealth flows up from them to their parents (so have more kids) but when children have schooling = the wealth flows down from parents to kids (so have less kids)

Caldwell

developed the theory of wealth flows

individual

from high to lower fertility, there is a shift from minimal _________ control to widespread control

contraception, empowerment, children

causes of changes from high to lower fertility: -family planning and _______ -women's _________ -changing roles for ________ (quantity-quality)

ideas, household

women's empowerment can be done through: -education where they learn new _______ and accept calculated choice -employment -participation in ________ decision making

less

in countries with high fertility, when children/women/husbands have more education, parents have ________ kids

education

key role in the decline of fertility

fewer

when husbands have higher income, the family has ________ children

decline

when women lived near a school, there was a _________ in fertility

raised

in 2010, there was a split between countries where very low fertility _______ back up

variation

in Canada, there is regional _______ in Fertility

wealthy

the transition from low to very low fertility is concentrated in ________ countries

below

the transition from low to very low fertility is a decrease in fertility to levels _________ replacement

postponement, smaller, fewer

the transition from low to very low fertility can be due to the _________ of childbearing, trend to _______ families, and women having _______ children than they desire

insitutional

the transition from low to very low fertility can also be due to ________ incompatibility (work-family conflict)

less

in countries that transition from low to very low fertility, there is a ________ negative relationship between education and fertility

more

in countries that transition from low to very low fertility, when men have more education they have _______ children

higher

in northern countries, more education corresponds with _______ fertility