psychology memory

memory

the persistence of learning overtime through the storage and retrieval of information

order of memory

external event

sensory memory

short-term memory

long-term memory

encoding

getting information into memory

storage

keeping information in our memory

retrieval

getting information out of our memory

encoding does not occur when

external and sensory memory

storage of memory occurs when

short term and long term memory

retrieval occurs from where

from long term to short term memory

automatic encoding

unconscious encoding

effortful processing

consciously encoding

requires rehearsal or practice

visual encoding

we remember things we see

acoustic encoding

we remember things we hear

semantic encoding

we remember things that have meaning

what creates strongest link to memories

rehersal

iconic memory

visual sensory memory

lasts 10th of a second

echoic memory

auditory sensory memory

lasts 3-4 seconds

spacing

best way to study

opposite of cramming

primacy effect

most likely to remember first thing studied

short period of time after studying

recency effect

most likely to remember the last thing studied

long period of time after studying

serial position effect

most likely to remember first and last things studied

imagery and mnemoines

using images or visual aid to help remember

chunking

breaking things up into groups to help remember

used mostly for lists

acronyms

using letters to symbolize words making it easier to remember

method of loci

using location to help remember things

peg words

using phrases or words that rhyme to remember things

hierarchies

using categories or chapters to help remember

amount short term memory can store

7 (+-) 2 items

short term memory length

as long as we pay attention to something

explicit memory

with conscious recall

declarative

implicit memory

without conscious recall

non declaritive

episodic memory

episodes in your life

personal experiences

semantic memory

general knowledge

connected with explicit memory

hippocampus

motor and cognitive skills

muscle memory

talking and writing

conditioned behaviors

operant and conditioned behaviors

connected with implicit memory

cerebellum

retrograde amnesia

follow a traumatic brain event you can not remember any explicit memories prior to the event

anterograde amnesia

cannot make new memories following a traumatic brain event

absent mindedness (encoding failure)

brain never put information into memory

transience (storage delay)

not using a memory for a long period of time you begin to forget it

blocking (retrieval failure)

trying to remember something but it seems to be on the tip of your tongue

proactive interference

old memories get in the way of new memories

retroactive interference

new memories get in the way of old memories

misatribution (source amnesia)

you can’t remember source of memory

suggestibility

suggesting something that could manipulate one’s memory

belief (colored bias)

if you have a certain belief about someone/something, memories will be tainted by this bias

mood (congruent memory)

mood in memory will depict how you remember that memory

persistence

memories that seem to haunt us

digging up repressed memories using hypnosis

a high state of suggestibility where repressed memories can come back as false or exaggerated depending on question asked

repression

the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

misinformation effect

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

source amnesia

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

cognition

all mental activities that are associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communications

concepts

mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people

schemas

organized concepts

gained from experience

prototypes

best example that fits into concepts/schemas

stereotypes

over generalizations of examples that fit into concepts and schemas

sometimes true, leads to prejudice and bias

heuristics

simple thinking strategies that allow us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently

fast but can be error prone

if lost something, looking for it at last place remembering it

algorithms

a step by step procedure that guarantees you will solve the problem

re-tracing steps

insight

a sudden often times novel solution to a problem

“a-ha” moments

confirmation bias

tendency to search for information that proves your pre-conceptions as true

fixations

inability to see a problem from anew perspective

mental set

tendency to approach a problem in a particular way. usually a way that has worked in the past

functional fixidness

the tendency to look at things only in terms of their typical use

availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of something based off of how available it is in our memory

representitiveness heuristic

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match out prototype or preconceptions

over confidence

tendency to be more confident then correct

belief perseverance

we cling to our initial conceptions even in the face of contradictory information

intuition

immediate, effortless, and automatic feelings and thoughts

opposite of critical thinking

comes to us naturally and needs less effort

framing

how an issues is described to you

language

words or symbols and the rules for combining them meaningfully

phonology

the actual sound of language

phoneme

the smallest unit of sound in a language

morphology

the structure of words

morpheme

the smallest unit of meaning in a language

semantics (language)

the set of rules that we use to drive meaning form words and sentences

syntax

the way in which words are put together to form sentences

grammer

the set of rules for combining language units into meaningful speech or written communitcation

pragmatics

the dependence of language on context and preexisting knowledge

babbling

the repetition of syllables that represents an infants first attempts at speech

one-word stage

the stage of language developments during which children tend to use one word at a time

two-word stage

the stage of language development during which tend to use two word phrases

language acquisition device

a theoretical pathway in the brain that allows infants to process and absorb language rules

universal grammer

a theoretical common set of rules that apply to all languages. theory proposed by Noam Chomsky

linguistic determinism

theory proposed by Benjamin Wharf that language determines the way we think