Studied by 39 people
memory
the persistence of learning overtime through the storage and retrieval of information
order of memory
external event
sensory memory
short-term memory
long-term memory
encoding
getting information into memory
storage
keeping information in our memory
retrieval
getting information out of our memory
encoding does not occur when
external and sensory memory
storage of memory occurs when
short term and long term memory
retrieval occurs from where
from long term to short term memory
automatic encoding
unconscious encoding
effortful processing
consciously encoding
requires rehearsal or practice
visual encoding
we remember things we see
acoustic encoding
we remember things we hear
semantic encoding
we remember things that have meaning
what creates strongest link to memories
rehersal
iconic memory
visual sensory memory
lasts 10th of a second
echoic memory
auditory sensory memory
lasts 3-4 seconds
spacing
best way to study
opposite of cramming
primacy effect
most likely to remember first thing studied
short period of time after studying
recency effect
most likely to remember the last thing studied
long period of time after studying
serial position effect
most likely to remember first and last things studied
imagery and mnemoines
using images or visual aid to help remember
chunking
breaking things up into groups to help remember
used mostly for lists
acronyms
using letters to symbolize words making it easier to remember
method of loci
using location to help remember things
peg words
using phrases or words that rhyme to remember things
hierarchies
using categories or chapters to help remember
amount short term memory can store
7 (+-) 2 items
short term memory length
as long as we pay attention to something
explicit memory
with conscious recall
declarative
implicit memory
without conscious recall
non declaritive
episodic memory
episodes in your life
personal experiences
semantic memory
general knowledge
connected with explicit memory
hippocampus
motor and cognitive skills
muscle memory
talking and writing
conditioned behaviors
operant and conditioned behaviors
connected with implicit memory
cerebellum
retrograde amnesia
follow a traumatic brain event you can not remember any explicit memories prior to the event
anterograde amnesia
cannot make new memories following a traumatic brain event
absent mindedness (encoding failure)
brain never put information into memory
transience (storage delay)
not using a memory for a long period of time you begin to forget it
blocking (retrieval failure)
trying to remember something but it seems to be on the tip of your tongue
proactive interference
old memories get in the way of new memories
retroactive interference
new memories get in the way of old memories
misatribution (source amnesia)
you can’t remember source of memory
suggestibility
suggesting something that could manipulate one’s memory
belief (colored bias)
if you have a certain belief about someone/something, memories will be tainted by this bias
mood (congruent memory)
mood in memory will depict how you remember that memory
persistence
memories that seem to haunt us
digging up repressed memories using hypnosis
a high state of suggestibility where repressed memories can come back as false or exaggerated depending on question asked
repression
the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event
source amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
cognition
all mental activities that are associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communications
concepts
mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people
schemas
organized concepts
gained from experience
prototypes
best example that fits into concepts/schemas
stereotypes
over generalizations of examples that fit into concepts and schemas
sometimes true, leads to prejudice and bias
heuristics
simple thinking strategies that allow us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
fast but can be error prone
if lost something, looking for it at last place remembering it
algorithms
a step by step procedure that guarantees you will solve the problem
re-tracing steps
insight
a sudden often times novel solution to a problem
“a-ha” moments
confirmation bias
tendency to search for information that proves your pre-conceptions as true
fixations
inability to see a problem from anew perspective
mental set
tendency to approach a problem in a particular way. usually a way that has worked in the past
functional fixidness
the tendency to look at things only in terms of their typical use
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of something based off of how available it is in our memory
representitiveness heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match out prototype or preconceptions
over confidence
tendency to be more confident then correct
belief perseverance
we cling to our initial conceptions even in the face of contradictory information
intuition
immediate, effortless, and automatic feelings and thoughts
opposite of critical thinking
comes to us naturally and needs less effort
framing
how an issues is described to you
language
words or symbols and the rules for combining them meaningfully
phonology
the actual sound of language
phoneme
the smallest unit of sound in a language
morphology
the structure of words
morpheme
the smallest unit of meaning in a language
semantics (language)
the set of rules that we use to drive meaning form words and sentences
syntax
the way in which words are put together to form sentences
grammer
the set of rules for combining language units into meaningful speech or written communitcation
pragmatics
the dependence of language on context and preexisting knowledge
babbling
the repetition of syllables that represents an infants first attempts at speech
one-word stage
the stage of language developments during which children tend to use one word at a time
two-word stage
the stage of language development during which tend to use two word phrases
language acquisition device
a theoretical pathway in the brain that allows infants to process and absorb language rules
universal grammer
a theoretical common set of rules that apply to all languages. theory proposed by Noam Chomsky
linguistic determinism
theory proposed by Benjamin Wharf that language determines the way we think
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Flashcard (29)