International Relations Test 2

Jus in Bello

Jus in Bello

law during war

Jus ad bellum

law before war

hegemonic war

war for world order

total war

one state tries to conquer another — requires industrialization and mass consumption of resources

limited war

military act with objectives other than total occupation

civil war

factions w/in state fight for regime change

cycle theories

global warfare trends cyclical/relate to other cycles like econ, etc

linear theories

war decreases over time as interdependence increases

nationalism

devotion to one’s national indentity and interests

self determination

nations should have the right for form states

ethnic groups

populations that share ancestral/cultural heritage; can cause conflict, especially due to historic hostility

ethnocentrism

tendency to see own group only positively — negative impact of identity

dehumanization

enemies are seen as subhuman and therefore open to violence

genocide

intentional + systematic attempts to completely destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group

irredentism

a form of nationalism w/ goal of regaining territory lost to other states

sucession

efforts of a region to leave a state for independence

territorial waters

waters near a state shore considered to belong to that state (12 mile exclusivity)

exclusive economic zones

navigable by all, fished/mined by one state

conventional forces

army, navy, air force

counterinsurgency

combat guerrilla armies, goal is usually to “win hearts and minds” of people harboring guerrillas

power projection

ability to use military force far from home

stealth tech

special radar absorbant materials on ships

terrorism

political violence targeting civilians for psychological effects

state sponsoered terrorism

use of terror tactics by states/intelligence agencies for political gain

military economies

militaries depend on state spending

coup d’etat

seizure of political power by domestic military

weapons of mass distruction

nuclear, chemical, biological weapons w huge potential killing power and lack of discrimination

proliferation

the possession and spread of WMD by states

fissionable material

U-235 + plutonium used to make atomic bombs

ballistic missile

major strat delivery vehicle for nuclear weapons; carries and drops

intercontinental ballistic missiles

longest range of nuclear missile

Mutually Assured Destruction

second strike nuclear capabilities — all out war ends in destruction of both sides

International norms

expectations actors hold about normal/acceptable IR

UN Charter

founding document lays out structure within state anarchy but cannot enforce w/in borders without consent

General Assemby

allocates funds, passes resolutions, coordinate’s development and economic policies

UN Security council

body of 5 great powers w/ veto + 10 rotating states that make decisions abt peace/security

treaties

written conventions signed between states

Customs (customary rule)

normative behavior becomes codified or de facto law

general principles of law

violations generally considered illegal are also illegal in IR (ie murder, theft)

legal scholarship

source of international law that derives from precedents and studies

repraisals

actions that are otherwise illegal that are taken to oppose illegal acts

sanctions

agreements to stop trade/sever ties in some way with a country breaking the law

The World Court (ICJ)

the court of the UN in which only states can sue/be sued

diplomatic recognition

when countries acknowledge the status of embassies and ambassadors to each other

diplomatic immunity

diplomats cannot be tried for crimes in a host country’s court

just wars

a category of int. law that defines when wars can be fought and how they can be fought

human rights

the rights of all ppl to be free from certain harms (political/civil and economic/social)

poiltical and civil rights

freedom from torture and imprisonment for political beliefs

economic and social rights

certain economic and social protections (need more specific definitions)

relativism

puts emphasis on local history and culture when it comes to human rights

Universal declaration of human rights (1948)

core UN document that sets forth international norms for government behaviors towards human rights

Amnesty International

NGO that globally monitors for abuses of political human rights

Responsibility to Protect

principle adopted that holds governments responsible for protecting against genocide and crimes against humanity

war crimes

large scale abuses of human rights/violations of law governing warfare conduct — especially involving civilians

crimes against humanity

genocide/inhumane acts/persecution against civilians; must be large scale with unjust ends

International Criminal Court

permanent tribunal for war crimes/crimes against humanity

Prisoners of War

surrendered soldiers with special legal status

International Committee of the Red Cross

NGO that provides practical support to civilians + POWs

chemical weapons

WMD; mostly poison gas, used primarily in WWI now largely obsolete

biological weapons

WMD that rely on deadly disease

pathogens

viruses + bacteria

toxins

poisons and byproducts of metabolic processes

dual use problem

hard to discern purpose of development of biological weapons or biological medical advancement

atomic monopoly

1945-1949 America had total control of all atomic weapons

Baruch Plan

international control of nuclear weapons that failed

H-Bomb

limitless destructive power, especially compared to normal atomic bomb

deterrance

defensive weapon possession/use that stops invasion

second strike capability

survival of first hit to retaliate and ensure destruction of both sides

Nuclear nonproliferation treaty

5 nuke holders promised to decrease # of weapons and other states promised not to develop them

radiological bomb

dirty bomb that would theoretically spread radioactive material in air, no long term threat

guerrilla warfare

insurgents blend in with civilians instead of fighting in standing armies — goal is to wear down conventional armies

goal of terrorism

provoke overreaction and paranoia

threat

capability x intention

institutions

have goals outside of security (often regional/economic), such as the EU

collective security

an attack on one is an attack on all

balance

try to oppose a threatening power by allying with equally strong opponents

bandwagon

join a large threatening power to avoid the threat (ie Belarus + Russia)

Hub and Spoke model

used in the pacific to form strong alliances with individual states and US but to separate historical enemies from each other

peacekeeping

military operations designed to monitor existing peace with consent (most UN missions)

peace enforcement

use of force to compel compliance with resolution to restore peace

UN funding

proportional to country GDP

Pottery Barn Rule

you break it you buy it (intervention in a crisis/conflict places responsibility on the intervener)

defense shift

change spending/national defence policies towards infrastructure or public health to strengthen states

ethnic cleansing

forced relocation or removal of an ethnic, religious, or racial group (ie Armenians in Turkey). Can result in death/mass killing

economic security

one of the four freedoms, focuses on meeting basic needs/eradicating poverty

health security

addressing epidemics and other hazards as a global security issue

Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)

aid that funds drugs and education to combat HIV/AIDS for underdeveloped countries

famine

no democracy has every experienced one because of ability of people to pressure government to distribute available food

personal security

reducing violence and crime within a country

civil disobedience

peaceful noncooperation with the law in order to protest a government/regime

amritsar (1919)

a massacre of nonviolent strikers/protesters by British soldiers changed imperial attitudes

diversionary war

conflict in hopes of producing a rally round the flag effect in order to distract from domestic issues

Pax Americana

American hegemony of peace

Alliances

security institutions

macroporportinality

greater evil being done, should prevent with least amount of force (Jus Ad Bellum)

microproportionality

keep level of fighting proportional; don’t overreact in retaliation (Jus in Bello)

malum in se

if its immoral to one, its immoral to all