Companat: Urinary

What two systems make up the urogenital system?

Urinary and reproductive systems

What nitrogen waste do birds excrete?

Uric acid

How many lobes do avian kidneys have?

Three

Where are avian kidneys located?

In synsacrum depressions

Do birds have a urinary bladder?

No

Which birds have two nephron types?

All avian species

What do mammalian-type nephrons allow in birds?

Limited urine concentration

What nitrogen waste do dogs

cats

What kidney shape do dogs have?

Bean-shaped

Which dog kidney is more cranial?

Right kidney

What color are cat kidneys?

Yellow due to fat

What surface feature is prominent in cat kidneys?

Subcapsular veins

What gives cats strong urine concentration ability?

Long loops of Henle

What external feature is seen in cattle kidneys?

Lobulation

Do cattle have a renal pelvis?

No

How does kidney surface differ in small ruminants?

Smooth surface

What shape is the right horse kidney?

Heart-shaped

What shape is the left horse kidney?

Bean-shaped

What renal feature is well developed in horses?

Renal pelvis with terminal recesses

Do birds have ureters opening into the bladder?

No

Which species have no urinary bladder?

Birds

What covers the apex of the horse bladder?

Fat

Which male species have an os penis?

Dogs

What male species have a narrow penile urethra prone to obstruction?

Cats

Which species have a urethral process prone to blockage?

Sheep and goats

Which species have internal testes?

Birds

Which bird testis is usually larger?

Left

What testis orientation does the dog have?

Oblique

What testis orientation does the cat have?

Caudal

What testis orientation does the bull have?

Vertical long axis

What testis orientation does the stallion have?

Horizontal

Which species have all accessory sex glands?

Bulls

Which species have only a prostate gland?

Dogs

Which species have a prostate and bulbourethral gland?

Cats

What penis type do ruminants have?

Fibroelastic

What penis type do horses have?

Musculocavernous

What penile structure creates the “tie” in dogs?

Bulbus glandis

What structure covers the feline penis?

Penile spines

Which species lack a penis?

Most birds

Which birds have a phallus?

Waterfowl

Which species have only one functional ovary?

Birds

What side is the functional bird ovary on?

Left

What reproductive trait do cats show?

Induced ovulation

What reproductive structure in cattle is palpable per rectum?

Corpus luteum

What unique structure in horses limits ovulation sites?

Ovulation fossa

What segments make up the avian oviduct?

Infundibulum

What uterine type do dogs and cats have?

Bicornuate with long horns

What uterine type do ruminants have?

Bicornuate with intercornuate ligament

What uterine type do horses have?

Bicornuate with short horns and large body

What structure serves as the avian “uterus”?

Shell gland

What cervix structure is found in cattle?

Annular rings

What cervix structure is found in sheep and goats?

Interlocking folds

What cervix structure is found in horses?

Longitudinal folds

What vaginal feature is unique to cattle?

Suburethral diverticulum

Where does the bird vagina open?

Cloaca