Science in Action 9 Unit B Review

Matter

Solid, liquid, or gas

Melting

Solid to liquid

Evaporation

Liquid to gas

Condensation

Gas to liquid

Freezing

Liquid to solid

Sublimation

Solid to gas

Deposition

Gas to solid

All matter has two types of properties

Physical and Chemical

Physical

Ex) Color, shine, melting temperature, freezing temperature, boiling temperature, density, hardness, solubility, conductivity

Chemical

Describe how a substance interacts with other substances

Physical Change

It's state may be altered but it's chemical composition is the same

Identifying a Physical Change

Can you separate the end products to form the products again? Are you able to re-freeze or melt the product again?

Chemical Change

When two or more substances react and form one or more new substances

Identifying a chemical change

Change in color, change of odour, formation of a solid or gas, released or absorption of energy in the form of light and heat

Democritus's Theory

All matter is made of invisible out of atomos that give each type of matter their specific properties

Aristotle

Stated that everything was made of earth, air, fire, and water

Alchemist

Practiced turning metal into gold

Robert Boyle

Experimented with gases and had proof of Democritus's theory

Antoine Lavoisier

Name the elements hydrogen, oxygen, carbon

John Dalton

Created the billiard ball model

J.J. Thomson

Propose the raisin bun model

Hantaro Nagaoka

Created the Nagaoka model

Ernest Rutherford

Proposed the Rutherford model

Niels Bohr

Created the bohr model

James Chadwick

Discovered that the nucleus was made up of protons, electrons, and neutrons

Researchers Today

Proposed the quantum mechanics model

Jons Berzelius

Used the first letter of the element has the symbol. They would start using the second letter of the element if there were other element starting with the same letter

Dmitri Mendeleev

Organized the elements by the properties of the elements including atomic mass

John Newlands

Recognize the pattern when elements were listed by increasing atomic mass

Period

Seven horizontal rows

Group

18 vertical columns

Atomic Number

Indicates number of protons and electrons. Atomic number increases by one from left to right for periods

Atomic Mass

How heavy an atom is

Metal

Shiny, malleable, ductile, conducts electricity

Metalloids

Have both metallic and nonmetallic properties

Non-metals

Solid or gases, don't conduct electricity

Alkali Metals

Most chemically reactive with air or water. Reactivity increases as you go down the group

Alkaline Metals

Also react with air or water, but not as vigourously as group 1

Halogens

Most reactive nonmetals

Noble gases

Very stable and unreactive

Chemical formula

Identifies what element and how much of each element are in the formula

Ionic Compound

Combining a metal with a nonmetal; combining a cation with anion

Subscript Numbers

Indicates the number of atoms of elements that must combine to form the compound

Monatomic

A single atom

Polyatomic

A group of atoms

Ionic Charateristics

Solid at room temperature, high melting point, good electrical conductor in aqueous solution

Molecules

When nonmetals combine. Differ from ionic compounds: can be solids liquids or gases at room temperature, poor electrical conductors, have low melting and boiling points, all molecular elements are nonmetal

Chemical Reactions

When two or more ionic or molecular substances combined to form new substances

Expressing Chemical Reactions

Chemical reaction

Word equation

Formula equation

Reactants

Materials at the start of a reaction

Products

New materials produced by the reaction

Exothermic

Reactions release heat

Endothermic

Reactions absorb energy. Needs a continuous supply of energy

Combustion

Oxygen reacts with a substance to produce a new substance plus heat. All combustion is exothermic

Corrosion

A slow chemical change involving oxygen with some metals

Cellular Respiration

Occurs in all aerobic (oxygen) consumers

Law of Conservation

Matter and mass cannot be destroyed but can change form in a "closed" controlled laboratory system

Closed system

No particles can escape

Open system

Some particles can escape

4 factors affecting rate of chemical reactions

Catalysts, Surface Area, Temperature, Concentration of Reactants

Concentration of reactants

Temperature of the reactants

Surface Area of the reactants