A&PII Test 1

Study Tips: - Focus on understanding the relationships between different hormones and their target organs - Pay special attention to the different types of blood cells and their functions - Know the key differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems - Understand the basics of blood clotting cascade - Be familiar with how different hormones affect blood glucose and calcium levels

What is the primary component of hematocrit

Erythrocytes (RBC)

the amount/percentage of remaining erythrocytes(RBC) in the blood after centrifuge (spinning the vial of blood)

Through which body system do hormones primarily travel

bloodstream released by the endocrine system to target cells

What medical condition is associated with a low hematocrit

anemia

-Low red blood cell count

How does altitude affect oxygen saturation in blood

it will decrease

-a low hematocrit

What is the most commonly found protein in blood

albumin

-helps maintain blood volume and blood pressure

-allows the blood vessel to hold water inside and transport fatty acids and steroid hormones

-draws water across the vessel walls of tissues and into the bloodstream

Name a hydrophilic hormone

insulin, growth hormone, glucagon

-any hormones soluble in water

-bind directly to cell membrane surface

Which blood plasma protein plays a crucial role in clotting

Fibrinogen

-turns into fibrin

What is the most common second messenger in the endocrine system

cAMP(cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is most common and CA++ is sometimes used

-used for hydrophilic hormones

What is the origin cell for all formed elements in blood

hematopoietic stem cell, or hemocytoblast

-differentiates when exposed to hemopoietic growth factors

Which type of hormone bypasses the second messenger system

steroid hormones

-pass through cell membrane

What kidney-produced hormone stimulates erythrocyte development

Erythropoietin

What term describes when cells increase their number of hormone receptors

Upregulation

What term describes when cells decrease their number of hormone receptors

Downregulation

In which ganglia can parasympathetic division nerves synapse

terminal ganglia(close to target organ) or intramural ganglia(within the walls)

Which endocrine gland consists of neural tissue

Posterior Pituitary Gland

-nerve fibers that store hormones

How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin molecule hold

4 heme groups on a hemoglobin molecules with iron (fe2+) molecules which bind directly to oxygen (O2)

Which posterior pituitary hormone stimulates uterine contractions

Oxytocin

What does hemoglobin carry back to the lungs after delivering oxygen

carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H+)

Which anterior pituitary hormone promotes protein synthesis and tissue building

-secreted from pituitary gland

Growth Hormone

Which organ contains the majority of receptors for detecting blood oxygen saturation

The Kidney

What environmental factor triggers Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone production

UV light exposure

Can pregnancy cause vitamin deficiency anemia

yes

What element is essential for thyroid hormone production

iodine

What is the medical term for a leukocyte leaving a blood vessel

Diapedesis or emigration

Which hormone functions to increase blood calcium levels

The parathyroid hormones

What type of white blood cell differentiates into macrophages

monocyte

Which part of the adrenal gland produces aldosterone

zona glomerulosa

What type of white blood cell is known for rapid response to bacterial infections

Neutrophils

-WBC

Which hormone produced by the zona fasciculata inhibits anabolism

Cortisol

-catabolic hormone

What type of agranular leukocyte provides nonspecific immunity

monocyte

-Phagocytosis, Antigen Presentation, and Immunity Response

Are postganglionic sympathetic neurons myelinated

no

What is the name for ganglia located in organ walls

Intramural ganglia

Which hormone is produced when UV light exposure is minimal

melatonin

What blood component is produced by megakaryocytes

Platelets/thrombocyte

Which hormone prepares the pubic symphysis for childbirth

Relaxin

What is the primary structural component of a blood clot

mesh-like patchwork of fibrin

-trapped platelets and blood clots

Which pancreatic hormone elevates blood glucose

Glucagon

What nerve carries parasympathetic signals to the heart and upper GI tract

The Vagus nerve

What is the process of breaking down glycogen called

Glycogenolysis

What term describes the gradual breakdown of a blood clot

Fibrinolysis

Which gastric hormone triggers hydrochloric acid release

Gastrin

What neurotransmitter interacts with muscarinic receptors

Acetylcholine (ACh

Which adipose tissue hormone signals satiety

Leptin

What term describes a completely peripheral and local ganglionic response

Local/Visceral reflex.

Which liver-produced hormone promotes bone growth

Insulin-like Growth Factor Hormone

Which thyroid hormone is most abundant in the body

T4, or thyroxine

What hormone shows increased production with aging

The Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

What type of autonomic tone does the heart exhibit

A parasympathetic tone

Which hormone is absent in Type 1 diabetes

insulin

What category of drugs enhances cholinergic effects

 Parasympathomimetic

In which organ is calcitriol (active Vitamin D) produced

produced in the kidneys