VETS3018 EOS Exam

Horse Leg Bones

Carpus

Cannon

Fetlock

Pastern

Coronet band/Coffin joint

Hoof Anatomy

Navicular bone!

Cow Anatomy L and R Side

LS: Ascending and descending colon, gut sounds, rumen

RS: cecum

Rumen GIT Development

Increasing age = increasing rumen size and decreasing abomasum size (true stomach)

Oesophageal groove closes - milk straight to abomasum (if in rumen = spoils)

Rumen: fluffy,, Reticulum: honeycomb, Omasum: spikey, Abomasum: folds

Cattle Teeth Eruption

2 teeth - 2 years

4 teeth - 2.5 years

6 teeth - 3 years

8 teeth - 4 years

Monogastric vs Ruminant Digestion

CHO

Monogastric: CHO food - digestive enzymes - glucose in SI - absorb

Ruminant: CHO food - microbial ferment - VFA in rumen - absorb

Protein

Monogastric: Protein food - digestive enzymes - aa in SI - absorb

Ruminant: Protein food - microbial ferment - diet and microbial protein in rumen - absorb

Mono: pigs, poultry, dogs, cats (HCL, pepsin - intestinal enzymes - sugar, aa, fa

Ruminants VFAS, ammonia out, HCL pepsin, intestinal enzymes low sugar, aa (mostly microbial protein)

Hindgut (horses): combo (mono first then ruminant for indigestible cellular fibre)

LA PHYSICAL EXAM

Clinical Exam Order

1. Presenting complaint (scour, down, lame, dystocia, mastitis, cough, die)

2. Signalment (species, breed, prod purpose, ae, sex/repro status (preg..) - interpret BCS, nutrition/metab demands, timing of signs - calving

3. Hx (immediate, past, herd)

4. Observe enviro (trees, grass, mud, lantana, dust)

5. distant exam - herd

6. distant exam - animal (stand/walk, lying - sternal/move, ruminating/eat, breathe norm, BCS, female lactating/calf suck, urine, coat, hooves, sunken eyes hydration, rr, faeces, mentation, gait, symmetry, injuries, discharge, head tilt, brisket oedema)

7. clinical exam

8. further investigations

Cattle Parameters

Temp: 38-39.5

Rumen Contractions: 1-2/min

HR: Adult: 40-80bpm, Calf: 80-100bpm

RR: 10-39 bpm

Cow Clinical Exam

Rear: collect urine, temp, tail pulse, rr, vulva mm, CRT, abdomen contour, BCS, udder and suspensory ligaments, scrotum and penis in sheath, hind legs and hooves, d/c, odour

LHS: left side thorax and abdomen

RHS: right side thorax and abdomen

Front: head and neck, jugular vein, brisket oedema, auscultate trachea

Urine Collection

midstream, manual stim of prepuce (stroking below vulva)

clarity, colour, content, USG

Strips: pH, ketones, cells, protein

Abdominal Contour

• Reverse D - bloat - rumen swell

• Pear - ascites or intestinal obstruction

• Apple - severe ascite, hydrodrops

• D - abomasal volvulus or impaction

• Papple - vagal indigestion (don’t burp as well)

LHS Exam

Gas cap

fibromat

fluid layer

Prefemoral lymph node

Palpate Rumen - feel contractions

Auscultate rumen - sounds - wave on beach

Percuss (ting - gas under pressure) - resonance (fluid = dull, soft tissue = flat) - FLICK (will show if abdomen displaced - LDA)

Rumen Ballottement (PUSH and bounce back - fluid layer)

observe: udder, scrotum, sheath, hind limn and lower limb

palpate: pre-femoral lymph node, mammary vein, left forequarter

RUMEN CONTRACTIONS: paralumbar fossa (primary - dosral to ventral sac) (secondary - gas to burp) Rumination cycles 6-10/day = Regurg, rechew, re-swallow (10-60mins long)

Lungs (11th-6th rib) - RR (triphasic) - CAN’T HEAR - bag over nose = better

Heart - HR

Prescapular lymph node

Cow Lymph Nodes

Head and Oral Cavity Exam

muzzle, nares, jaws, eyes - palpebral, menace, retropharyngeal, teeth, gums, CRT, colour, tongue, pharynx, symmetry, brisket oedema, teeth, d/c, blood

RHS Exam

abdominal outline, auscultate right flank and percuss plus on rib cage, observe hind foot and lower limb, lymph nodes, mammary gland, milk vein

• abomasum - distended - dilated/torsion

• Intestines

• Uterus - can feel calf in abdomen

• Rumen - can be pushed to r side

• Liver - can’t palpate - behind last rib

SMALL RUMINANT CLINICAL EXAM

EXAM

Distant - diarrhoea, dags, flystrike

Clinical exam - standing, tipped

Same as cattle: (temp, hr - NOT ON TAIL (femoral artery or heart), lymph nodes, mm, CRT, skin, lung auscultate, abdominal palpate/contour, rumen contractions, DON’T PERCUS, hoof and repro exams when tipped, lameness common - trim hoofs, parasite check - wool partings

• teeth and aging

• BCS

• MMC

• Fleece/coat

• Feet/Musculoskeletal

• FEC

• FAMACHA (3? 4 and 5 treat)

Sheep Parameters

HR: 70-80bpm

RR: 12-20bpm

Rumen Turnover Rate: 3 in 2 mins

Dag Score < or equal to 2

Temp: 38.5-40

Mobility: 0-1

Sheep Lymph Nodes

Cheesy Gland

caseous lymphadenitis - Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

• inf after shearing (especially if dipping), lymph node abscesses

Sheep Teeth Aging

Divide by 2 (2 teeth = 1 year old)

RUMINANT PROCEDURES

4 Basic Animal Instincts

• move direction facing

• follow

• see press

• pressure released

7 Stock Handling Principles

1. flight zone

2. body language strong

3. constant pressure = move onto pressure

4. mob leader

5. handler - reaction

6. observe - tell u ur location

Analgesia

welfare, recovery times, not legally required in calves

Oral/Inj: MELOXICAM (USE before procedure 10/15min or relief delayed) (oral transmucosal - blue gel)

Topical: TRI-SOLFEN (spray, 6-8wk calves) - LOCAL (lignocaine, bupivicaine, adrenaline, cetrimide (antibac) 6-9ml

Disbudding

Calves: 2-4wks (LESS THAN 2m), Goats 1-2wks

sx or cautery* (most common)

less invasive

better anim welfare

remove horn producing cells - before attach to skull

xylazine plus lignocaine cornual block - 5 mins before

Dehorning

remove fully developed horns - after skull attachment

older calves/adults

scoop dehorners, saws, wire, guillotine

bleeding, increase complications, frontal sinus infection

PAIN RELIEF

Reasons to disbud vs dehorn

human safety, animal welfare (safe, backwards horn), meat quality (bruising)

Disbudding Complications - Goats

• Scurs: incomplete disbudding, part regrows

• thermal injury: skin necrosis, cosmetic, slow heal

• Inf: poor hygiene, fly, swell

POLLED GENE DOMINANT

Castration Reasons

control breeding - improve genes

behav control (steers less aggressive)

meat quality (increase fat and marble, tender, less CT)

Elastrator

Non surgical

UNDER 2 WKS

Pain and stress if performed late, incorrect placement (miss testicle), inf, delay heal, chronic discomfort, sloughing - takes wks, tetanus risk

tetanus: Sheep and goat higher risk than cattle

anaerobic - soil/muddy - (dead tissue = low 02 enviro) (7-21days post apply)

Because

• maternal immunity - no mum vacc, no transfer, low

• timing: 3 months - after maternal immunity gone

SOLUTION: vacc 2/3 wks before ring and booster when putting ring on

Burdizzo

Non-surgical castrate

UP TO 6m, bloodless

4 crushes, confirm success diff

Castrate Surgery

less than 6m, MOST EFFECTIVE

inf, injury

triple crush emasculators (nut to nut), Henderson tool

CLOSED: tunica vaginalis intact

OPEN: not intact - pull out testicles

Haemostasis: strum cord, twisting sperm cord, ligatures, emasculators

NOT CLOSED SCROTUM SO DRAINAGE, 15-20 calves replace scalpel

ONLY IF: 2 norm testicles, free moving, palpated scrotum

NOT IF CRYPTORCHID

HORSE CLINICAL EXAM

Horse Parameters

Temp: (37.5-38.5)

Pulse: facial artery (mandible, below eye, or digital arteries)

HR: (28-44)

RR: (8-20)

Distant Exam

BCS (out of 9), Cresty neck score (excess fat in nuchal ligament - risk of metabolic disease (laminitis), mentation and behav, coat, gait, RR

ventral oedema, wheals (bumps)

Eye Exam

• conjunctiva

• epiphora - tears

• blepharospasm - eyes closed/wink

• Cornea

• Eyelids

• Menace

Nare Exam

• mm

• airflow - symmetry

• smell

• d/c

Mouth

• gums, mm, CRT, teeth, tongue, age

• jaundice (liver d), neonatal isorthrolysis

• petechiae - pinpoint bruises - coag disorders

• ecchymosis: bruising patches (large petechiae)

Full exam: hausmann gag needed

Other things to examine on face

• facial arteries (index finger - find VAN (vein artery nerve) - bp measure

• retropharyngeal: lymph nodes (retropharyngeal and submandibular) (SWOLLEN + STRANGLES, INF ANAEMIA, HERPES), larynx, guttural pouch, parotid gland

• Jugular vein fill (2/3 down jugular 1-2 sec)

Heart Auscultation

LHS

• PAMS (pulmonary, aortic, mitral) (3, 4, 5 intercostal space)

RHS:

• tricuspid (4 intercostal space)

s1: lub: close atrioventricular vales (L-mitral, R- tricuspid)

s2: dub: close semilunar valves (L-aortic, R-pulmonary)

s3: passive ventricular fill (bottom)

s4: atria contract (top)

Thoracic Auscultation

RR, RE, Resp Sounds

3, 2, 1 (triangle)

heave line = struggling to breathe

Abdominal Auscultation

Left side soft gurgling

R side - ileocaecal flush

(o = no motility, +++ = hypermotility)

Hindlimb and Forelimb

digital pulses = increased = foot inflamm

hoof testers - see soreness

LA DIAGNOSTICS

Bloods

diag: anaemia, inf, inflamm, organ dysfunction, electrolyte/hormone disturbances

EDTA: purple - haematology

RED: biochem

LITH HEP: green - everything else

CITRATE: blue - coag, fibrinogen

Ca OXOLATE: grey - glucose

venous: jug, ceph, lat thoracic, saph, transverse facial sinus (small sample - PCV/TP)

arterial: transverse facial, carotid, dorsal metatarsal - blood gas (resp/metab)

Blood tests:

PCV: 28-44%

TP: 60-70g/L

CBC MBA

Urine Sample

• Free floe: mid stream (diff substrate, hose)

• Catheter: (inf care)