bsc2010 chapter 7 cells

prokaryotic

this type of cell only has four possible structures; the plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes; NO NUCLEUS and domains bacteria and archaea

eukarytoic

this type of cell has many structures with all cells having a nucleus, plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes; domains protists, fungi, animals, plants

chromatin

dna and proteins, this structure composes the chromosomes in the nucleus

nucleolus

responsible for ribosomal rna synthesis (making ribosomes) with no membrane in the nucleus

nucleus

control center; info storage and processing, contains highly organized chromosomes

nuclear envelope

nucleus membrane

ribosomes

particles made of rRNA and proteins with no membrane, responsible for protein synthesis (making proteins) and is compose of a large subunit that reads RNA and a small subunit that joins amino acids to form a polypeptide chain

smooth er

transports proteins from lipids, acts as a lipid processing center, metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxifies poisons/drugs “fed ex”

rough er

synthesizes proteins and sends signals to nucleus when problem with translation “fed ex”

golgi apparatus

“post office” sends proteins in their vesicles to the right places

cytoskeleton

network of protein fibers throughout the cytoplasm

centrosomes

found in animal cells that help organize microtubules during cell division, playing a crucial role in cell cycle regulation

mitochondria

cellular respiration to make atp, has own DNA and own ribosomes within; contains outer/inner membranes, matrix, and cristae

chloroplast

in plant cells, this is used for photosynthesis and has a stroma, thylakoids, granum, and outer/inner membranes

vesicles

these are used to transport substances throughout the cell or out of the cell

plasma membrane

has selective permeability, maintains intracellular environment

peroxisome

detoxifies using hydrogen peroxide

vacuoles

largest organelle in plant cells, contains organic compounds and water

lyosomes

membranous sac of acid hydrolase enzymes able to digest macromolecules

acid hydrolase

inside lyosomes, this is used to catalyse hydrolysis reactions

microfilaments

also known as actin filaments, responsible for polymerization of individual actin molecules, grouped together into long stands; plasma membrane

microtubules

thickest support structure, dynamic with stability and movement, originate from the microtubule organizing center, grows outward and radiates throughout cell

intermediate filaments

structural support for cell, size > composition

keratin

found in intermediate filaments

nuclear pores

doors in an out of the nucleus, dna can’t move through them but messenger RNA and riosome parts move out, proteins and building blocks in

endomembrane system

regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell, containing the nuclear envelope, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane with components being transferred by vesicles

signal hypothesis

proteins bound for the endomembrane system have an AA signal sequence “zip code”