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prokaryotic
this type of cell only has four possible structures; the plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes; NO NUCLEUS and domains bacteria and archaea
eukarytoic
this type of cell has many structures with all cells having a nucleus, plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes; domains protists, fungi, animals, plants
chromatin
dna and proteins, this structure composes the chromosomes in the nucleus
nucleolus
responsible for ribosomal rna synthesis (making ribosomes) with no membrane in the nucleus
nucleus
control center; info storage and processing, contains highly organized chromosomes
nuclear envelope
nucleus membrane
ribosomes
particles made of rRNA and proteins with no membrane, responsible for protein synthesis (making proteins) and is compose of a large subunit that reads RNA and a small subunit that joins amino acids to form a polypeptide chain
smooth er
transports proteins from lipids, acts as a lipid processing center, metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxifies poisons/drugs “fed ex”
rough er
synthesizes proteins and sends signals to nucleus when problem with translation “fed ex”
golgi apparatus
“post office” sends proteins in their vesicles to the right places
cytoskeleton
network of protein fibers throughout the cytoplasm
centrosomes
found in animal cells that help organize microtubules during cell division, playing a crucial role in cell cycle regulation
mitochondria
cellular respiration to make atp, has own DNA and own ribosomes within; contains outer/inner membranes, matrix, and cristae
chloroplast
in plant cells, this is used for photosynthesis and has a stroma, thylakoids, granum, and outer/inner membranes
vesicles
these are used to transport substances throughout the cell or out of the cell
plasma membrane
has selective permeability, maintains intracellular environment
peroxisome
detoxifies using hydrogen peroxide
vacuoles
largest organelle in plant cells, contains organic compounds and water
lyosomes
membranous sac of acid hydrolase enzymes able to digest macromolecules
acid hydrolase
inside lyosomes, this is used to catalyse hydrolysis reactions
microfilaments
also known as actin filaments, responsible for polymerization of individual actin molecules, grouped together into long stands; plasma membrane
microtubules
thickest support structure, dynamic with stability and movement, originate from the microtubule organizing center, grows outward and radiates throughout cell
intermediate filaments
structural support for cell, size > composition
keratin
found in intermediate filaments
nuclear pores
doors in an out of the nucleus, dna can’t move through them but messenger RNA and riosome parts move out, proteins and building blocks in
endomembrane system
regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell, containing the nuclear envelope, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane with components being transferred by vesicles
signal hypothesis
proteins bound for the endomembrane system have an AA signal sequence “zip code”