Circulatory system

What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

Deliver oxygenated blood to tissues and remove wastes.

What are the two circulatory circuits?

Pulmonary and systemic.

What does the pulmonary circuit do?

Moves blood from heart to lungs to heart.

What does the systemic circuit do?

Moves blood from heart to body to heart.

Which side of the heart pumps to the lungs?

Right side.

Which side of the heart pumps to the body?

Left side.

Why is the left side of the heart larger/thicker?

It pumps blood farther to the whole body.

Where is the heart located?

Mediastinum in the thoracic cavity.

What is the apex of the heart?

The pointed inferior tip.

What is the base of the heart?

The broad superior end.

Name the 4 chambers of the heart.

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

What do atria mainly do?

Receive blood.

What do ventricles mainly do?

Pump blood out of the heart.

What separates the two atria?

Interatrial septum.

What fetal remnant is found in the interatrial septum?

Fossa ovalis.

What separates the two ventricles?

Interventricular septum.

What surface groove separates atria from ventricles?

Coronary sulcus.

What brings deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart?

Superior vena cava.

What brings deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart?

Inferior vena cava.

Where does deoxygenated blood enter first in the heart?

Right atrium.

What valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle?

Tricuspid valve.

What structures anchor AV valves to the ventricle?

Chordae tendineae.

What muscles attach to the chordae tendineae?

Papillary muscles.

From the right ventricle, blood exits through which valve?

Pulmonary semilunar valve.

The pulmonary semilunar valve opens into what vessel?

Pulmonary trunk.

The pulmonary trunk splits into what vessels?

Right and left pulmonary arteries.

What do pulmonary arteries carry?

Deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

What vessels bring oxygenated blood back to the heart?

Pulmonary veins.

Where does oxygenated blood enter the heart?

Left atrium.

What valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle?

Mitral (bicuspid) valve.

From the left ventricle, blood exits through which valve?

Aortic semilunar valve.

Blood leaving the left ventricle enters what vessel?

Aorta.

What are coronary arteries for?

Supply oxygenated blood to heart muscle.

Where do coronary arteries originate?

From the aorta.

What is the function of veins?

Carry blood toward the heart.

What is the function of arteries?

Carry blood away from the heart.

Name the 3 layers of arteries and veins.

Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica interna.

Which vessel layer is thicker in arteries than in veins?

Tunica media.

Why do veins have valves?

To prevent backflow and ensure flow to the heart.

What are capillaries specialized for?

Exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes.

Capillaries have walls made of what?

One layer of simple squamous epithelium.

Name the 3 main branches off the aortic arch.

Brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian.

The brachiocephalic artery splits into what?

Right common carotid and right subclavian.

Internal carotid supplies what?

Brain.

External carotid supplies what?

Face/neck structures.

What artery also supplies the brain through vertebrae?

Vertebral artery.

Subclavian becomes what artery in the armpit region?

Axillary artery.

Axillary becomes what major arm artery?

Brachial artery.

Brachial divides into what two arteries?

Radial and ulnar.

Abdominal aorta divides into what?

Right and left common iliac arteries.

External iliac becomes what major leg artery?

Femoral artery.

Femoral becomes what behind the knee?

Popliteal artery.

Popliteal divides into what?

Anterior and posterior tibial arteries.

What is diastole?

Relaxation of heart chambers.

What is systole?

Contraction of heart chambers.

In the rest phase, which valves are open?

AV (tricuspid and mitral) valves.

In the rest phase, which valves are closed?

Semilunar (aortic and pulmonary) valves.

What causes the 'lub' (S1) heart sound?

Closure of AV valves.

What causes the 'dub' (S2) heart sound?

Closure of semilunar valves.

What are the 3 main processes of hemostasis?

Vessel spasm, platelet plug formation, clotting.