Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy

refers to the responsible provision of drug therapy to achieve definite outcomes that are intended to improve a px quality of life

Pharmaceutical care

it involves measuring direct and indirect costs attributable to a specific disease

Cost of Illness Evaluation

a way of summarizing the health benefits and resources used by competing health care programs so that policy makers can choose among them

Cost Effectiveness Evaluation

it refers to the value assigned to duration of life as modified by impairments, functional states, perceptions, and social opportunities that are influenced by disease, injury, treatment or policy

Quality of Life

A study design in which neither the study subject nor the study staff is aware of which group or intervention the subjects have been assigned

Blinded study

a retrospective comparison of causal factors or exposures in a group of persons with disease and those of persons without the disease

Case control study

a retrospective or prospective follow-up study of exposed and non-exposed defined groups in which a variable of interest is measured

Cohort study

a trial comparing treatments in which participants are switched to the other

Cross over study

a study that examines the presence or absence of a disease and other variable in a defined population and the potential risk factor at a particular time interval

Cross-sectional study

those between 1 day and 1 month

Neonates

those between 1 month to 1 year of age

Infants

the study of the use and effect of drugs in a large number of people

Pharmacoepidemiology

The most rapidly reduced vitamin

Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

a small part of clot that breaks off and travels to another part of the vascular system

Embolus

a clinical syndrome characterized by discomfort in the chest, jaw, shoulder, back, or arm

Angine pectoris

a type of angina precipitated by coronary artery spasm that reduces blood flow, and usually occurs at rest rather than with exertion or emotional stress

Prinzmetal’s angina

the drug of choice in the tx of angina at rest

Calcium-channel blockers

most commonly used to treat digitalis-induced ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias

Phenytoin

a class I anti-arrhythmic drug that can cause fatigue, arthralgia, myalgia, and low grade fever, suggestive of systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome

Procainamide

The New York Heart Association functional limitation class that indicates that the degree of effort necessary to elicit Heart Failure symptoms is equal to those that would limit normal individuals

Class I

The New York Heart Association functional limitation class that indicates that the degree of effort necessary to elicit Heart Failure symptoms occurs with less-than ordinary exertion

Class III

The New York Heart Association functional limitation class that indicates that the degree of effort necessary to elicit Heart Failure symptoms occurs while at rest

Class IV

refers to the force exerted on the ventricular muscle at the end of diastole that determines the degree of muscle fiber stretch

Preload

determined by the amount of force needed to overcome pressure in the aorta

Afterload

the least nephrotoxic aminoglycoside

Streptomycin

the most nephrotoxic aminoglycoside

Neomycin

Ototoxic aminoglycoside

Amikacin and Kanamycin

Vestibulotoxic aminoglycoside

Gentamicin and Streptomycin

Antibiotic antagonism with these drugs occurs when given within 1 hour of PCN administration

Erythromycin and Chloramphenicol

An extended spectrum PCN that is 10x as active as Carbenicillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Piperacillin

seizures that present as alteration of consciousness lasting 10-30 seconds

Petit mal seizures

marks the clonic phase in grand mal seizures

muscle jerking and flaccidity of muscle

measures the electrical activity of the brain and helps identify cerebral changes underlying structural abnormalities

EEG

an anti-convulsant that is contraindicated in px with a history of TCA hypersensitivity

Carbamazepine

refers to the slowness in performing common, voluntary movements

Bradykinesia

failure to adequately minimize severe and long-term airway inflammation in asthma may result in this kind of change

Airway remodeling

Proinflammatory cytokines

IL-1

this anti-inflammatory drug for RA should only be administered for a brief period due to serious A/E such as osteoporosis, cataract formation, and impaired wound healing

Prednisone

the hallmark of the pathophysiology of RA

inflamed synovium

a DMARDs indicated as monotherapy for RA and necessitates liver function monitoring

Leflunomide

refers to deposits of monosodium urate crystals

Tophi

refers to malignant tumors of the connective tissues

Sarcomas

the tumor marker Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is commonly seen in

Colorectal cancer

an antidopaminergic phenothiazine drug can be administered rectally and acts directly at the CTZ

Prochlorperazine

the clinical hallmark of Acne vulgaris

Comedones

transient lesions that are composed of a central wheal surrounded by an erythematous halo

Urticaria

the stage in carcinogenesis wherein the environment becomes altered to allow preferential growth of mutated cells over normal cells

Promotion

the first stage of carcinogenesis wherein normal cells are exposed to a carcinogen

Initiation

a metabolite of Cyclophosphamide and Ifosfamide that is thought to cause a chemical irritation of the bladder mucosa resulting to bleeding

Acrolein

natural or synthetic polysaccharide derivatives that adsorb water to soften the stool and increase the bulk

Bulk-forming laxatives

Laxatives that work by creating an osmotic gradient to pull water into the small and large intestines

Salient laxative

Laxatives that act as surfactants by allowing absorption of water into the stool, which makes the softened stool an easier pass

Emollient laxative

Clusters of dilated blood vessels in the lower rectum or anus

Hemorrhoids

A condition characterized in a poorly functioning colon and resembles to symptoms of ulcerative colitis caused by chronic use of stimulant laxatives

Cathartic colon

A dark pigmentation of the colonic mucosa that results from long-term use of anthraquinone derivatives

Melanosis coli

refers to the definite course or method of action to guide and determine present and future decisions

Policy

refers to a series of steps followed in a regular definite sequence in order to accomplish something

Procedures

refers to an amount that is above the break-even cost of providing a product or service and is necessary to provide for replacement and upgrading of hospital equipment and facilities

Profit margin

refers to the pricing method wherein the price is calculated by adding a fixed fee to the acquisition cost of the unit of product dispensed

Dispensing fee method

refers to the pricing method wherein the px receiving a more costly drug pays for a proportionately larger part of overall pharmacy service costs regardless of the amount of service received

Percentage markup method

refers to the pricing method wherein the avg drug cost per px day, the avg pharmacy service cost per px day, and the desired profit margin are computed to arrive at a single pharmacy charge for each day the px stayed in the hospital

Per diem method

a visual display technique that can be used as a scheduling tool for the entire planning process

Gantt chart

a physical quantity of a drug product ordered by a prescriber to be administered to a specified px at one time, in ready-to-administer form with no further physical or chemical alteration required

Unit dose

a package that contains one discrete pharmaceutical dosage form

unit dose package

refers to the act of a pharmacist in supplying one or more drug products to or for a patient, usually in response to an order from an authorized prescriber

Dispensing

refers to a system that has its purpose in the selection, acquisition, control, storage, dispensing, delivery, preparation, and administration of drug products in health care institutions in response to the order of an authorized prescriber

Drug distribution system

refers to a drug distribution system wherein a bulk supply of each drug product is maintained on the nursing unit in advance of need and the nurse prepares the doses for administration

Floor stock

refers to a drug distribution system wherein all drugs are retained in the pharmacy until the order is received, and then a multiple dose supply is dispensed to the nursing unit labeled for use by a specific px

Patient prescription system

the optimal pH range of aminophylline

above 8.0

the most important human nutrient required for tissue synthesis, repair, transport of body nutrients and waste, and maintenance of immune function

Protein

the most widely utilized carbohydrates in parenteral nutrition because of its low cost, availability, and proven utility

Dextrose

the extent to which a technique consistently measures whatever it measures regardless of the investigator

Reliability

these are the mechanical tube feeding complications

Aspiration pneumonia, Mucosal erosion, Nasopharyngeal irritation

these are metabolic tube feeding complications

Electrolyte imbalance and Glucose Intolerance

these are gastrointestinal tube feeding complications

Diarrhea and distention

the extent to which a technique measures what is intended to measure

Validity

an authorized, structured and continuing program that reviews, analyzes and interpret patterns of drug usage in a given health care delivery system against pre-determined standards

Drug utilization review

pre-clinical studies that determines the action of a new drug in animals to estimate the magnitude of its intended therapeutic effect

Pharmacologic studies

pre-clinical studies in animals that determine the relative safety in human and monitor parameters that will be used in clinical trials

Toxicologic studies

the effective domain of learning process involves

Perception, Emotion, and Beliefs

the behavioral domain of learning process involves

Decision-making, Actions, and Physical abilities

medications that may be dispensed legally only on prescription

Legend drugs

“aa” means

of each

“ss” means

one-half

use of bulk powders, large quantities of tablets or capsules, and viscous liquids that cannot be poured readily

Wide-mouth bottles

used for dispensing liquids of low viscosity

Prescription bottles

a therapeutic method that applies the Law of Similars

Homeopathy

a diagnostic radiopharmaceutical used for bone scans

Tc-99m Diphosphonates

a diagnostic radiopharmaceutical used for myocardial perfusion scans

Tc-99m Diphosphonates

a diagnostic radiopharmaceutical used for lung scans

Tc-99m Macroaggregated

an evaluative approach to healthcare delivery that attempts to improve outcomes for px with a specific disease while optimizing the overall use of health care resources

Disease management