Basic Literature and References, Pharmaceutical Identifiers, and Color Tests

Drug

a. Substances recognized as drugs in the official United States pharmacopoeia, official homeopathic pharmacopoeia of the United States, or official national formulary or any supplement to any of them.

b. Substances intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or animals.

c. Substances (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or animals.

d. Substances intended for use as a component of any article specified in paragraphs a., b., or c. Such term does not include devices or their components, parts, or accessories.

Controlled Substance

A drug, substance, or immediate precursor in Schedules I through V of Article 2 of this chapter. A drug, substance, or immediate precursor in Schedules I through V as defined in the Alabama Uniform Controlled Substances Act. The State Board of Health shall revise and republish the schedules annually.

Precursor Chemical

(Listed Precursor Chemical) A chemical substance specifically designated as such by the Alabama State Board of Pharmacy, that, in addition to legitimate uses, is used in the unlawful manufacture of a controlled substance or controlled substances.

(Immediate Precursor Chemical) A substance that the State Board of Pharmacy has found to be and by rule designates as being the principal compound commonly used or produced primarily for use and that is an immediate chemical intermediary used or likely to be used in the manufacture of a controlled substance, the control of which is necessary to prevent, curtail, or limit manufacture.

Controlled Substance List

Annual Publication listing all CI - CV controlled substances for the State of Alabama.

Visual Identification

Screening or examination done by looking at the physical appearance and characteristics such as plant material, mushrooms, tablets, blotter papers, microdots, seeds, cacti buds, oily solutions, liquids, capsules,etc. Odor

Visually Consistent

Items that upon visual examination a reasonable person would infer a common origin.

Population

The entire group of items within the same container from which a sample may be selected for analyses.

Presumptive Test

A non-conclusive test used to screen for the presence of a compound (or classes of compounds). Quick tests to gain information about the presence or absence of a compound (or classes of compounds) in order to guide the analyst in the selection of a confirmatory test necessary for analyte identification. Some examples are: Color tests, Pharmaceutical Identification, Microcrystalline test, DART TOF, TLC.

Screening Techniques

Are classified as color test utilized to separate visually consistent populations. A screening technique does not met the sampling guidelines for analyte identification.

Confirmatory Test

A structural elucidation technology having maximum potential discriminating power for structural confirmation.

Addiction

The common denominator that characterizes all types of repeated drug use is the creation of a psychological dependence for continued use of the drug.

List the Historical Themes for Drug Use.

1. Basic need of mankind to cope with their environment.

2. To induce an altered state of mind, control pain, or treat illness.

3. Business or Government involvement in growing, distributing, taxing, and prohibiting drug use.

4. Technology advancement.

5. Increase in efficiency and speed of the drug itself.

What was the purpose of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act?

Regulated the labeling of products containing certain drugs including cocaine and heroin.

What was the purpose of the 1914 Harrison Narcotics Tax Act?

Regulated Cocaine and Opiates. The act was passed to control cocaine and opiates. Required that any manufacturers, importers, pharmacists, and physicians prescribing narcotics should be licensed to do so, at a moderate fee. The act eliminated over-the-counter availability of opiates and cocaine, and also made possession of narcotics without a prescription illegal.

What was the purpose of the 1937 Marihuana Tax Act?

Required Taxation of Marijuana. Every person who sells, deals in, dispenses, or gives away marijuana must register with the IRS and pay a special occupational tax.

What was the purpose of the 1919 Volstead Act?

Implemented the 18th Amendment establishing alcohol prohibition in the U.S. Prohibited the manufacture and sale of any beverage with an alcohol content >0.5%.

What was the purpose of the 1933 Blaine Act?

Alcohol prohibition repealed via 21st Amendment.

What was the purpose of the 1961 Convention on Narcotics?

Treaty to control marijuana. United Nations coordinated an effort for the adoption of a single convention on narcotic drugs. Its aim was to combat drug consumption through coordinated international intervention. Fought against drug trafficking through international cooperation meant to deter drug traffickers. Limit anything to do with drugs to only medical and scientific purposes. Each nation was still responsible for enacting their own laws to carry out the provisions.

What was the purpose of the 1970 Controlled Substances Act?

The creation of the Scheduling list for drugs. Placed all substances which were in some manner regulated under existing federal law into one of five schedules. Provided a mechanism for substances to be controlled or decontrolled. The key provisions of the act were:

1. Classify All Psychoactive Drugs.

2. Control their manufacture, sale and use.

3. Limit imports and exports.

4. Define Criminal Penalties.

What criteria are necessary for a substance to be designated as a Schedule 1 controlled substance, and give an example?

These drugs have high abuse potential and no accepted medical use with severe psychological or physical dependence. Some examples are:

Heroin, Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, Mescaline, and MDMA.

What criteria are necessary for a substance to be designated as a Schedule 2 controlled substance, and give an example?

These drugs have a high abuse potential with severe psychic or physical dependence liability even though there are medical uses for the drugs. Some examples are:

Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Opium, Morphine, Hydromorphone, Oxycodone, Methylphenidate (Ritalin).

What criteria are necessary for a substance to be designated as a Schedule 3 controlled substance, and give an example?

These drugs have less abuse potential and include schedule II drugs when used in compounds with other drugs with low or moderate physical dependence. Some examples of these drugs are:

Tylenol with Codeine, Some Barbiturate compounds (Secobarbital and Pentabarbital).

What criteria are necessary for a substance to be designated as a Schedule 4 controlled substance, and give an example?

These drugs have even less abuse potential with limited dependence relative to schedule III drugs and have current medical use. Some examples are:

Meprobamate (Miltown), Propoxphene, Diazepam, Alprazolam, and Phenobarbital.

What criteria are necessary for a substance to be designated as a Schedule 5 controlled substance, and give an example?

These drugs have low abuse potential and less chance for producing dependence. Some contain very limited quantities of certain narcotic and stimulant drugs. Some examples are:

Robitussin AC (Codeine + Guaifenesin), Pregabalin, and Lomotil (Diphenoxylate + Atropine).

Are controlled substance list at the state and federal levels different? Give examples.

Yes, at federal and state levels the controlled substance list can differ. An example would be marijuana, which according to the federal controlled substance list is a schedule 1 drug, but in the state of Colorado, recreationally and medical use of marijuana is legal.

Name a drug that is listed in more than one schedule and explain why.

Codeine itself is a schedule 2 drug, but when combined with Tylenol (a substance with low or moderate physical dependence) the Codeine and Tylenol compound becomes a schedule 3 drug. Codeine (very limited quantities) when combined with Guaifenesin becomes Robitussin AC, a schedule 5 drug.

Name the two sections of the Alabama code that are related to Drug Chemistry.

Title 13-A Criminal Code. Title 20 Foods, Drugs, and Cosmetics Section

What information is present in these two sections of the Alabama code?

Title 13-A: Criminal Code

Title 20: Foods, Drugs, and Cosmetics Section.

Which state agency is responsible for maintaining the Alabama Controlled Substance list? Where is this directive listed in the Alabama code?

State Board of Health, 20-2-20.

What is the "Upper-Downer" cycle?

The pattern of drug use throughout time for example take the 1930s to the 1990s:

1930s: Alcohol (Downer)

1940s: Stimulants like Amphetamines (Upper)

1950s: Sedatives like Miltown (Downers)

1960s: Amphetamines (Uppers)

1970s: Heroin and Valium (Downers)

1980s: Cocaine and Amphetamines (Uppers)

1990s: Heroin or Sedative-downers (Downers)

Stimulant

Substances that produce alertness, mood-elevation, stimulation, intense feelings of well-being, and Euphoria.

Depressant

Substances that slow down all mental and physical actions of the body with no analgesic properties

Hallucinogen

A group of drugs which affect the central nervous system producing perceptual alterations in which time, self-consciousness, and vision of the physical world change.

Sedative/Hypnotic

In low doses, these drugs produce a calming effect (Sedation) relieving anxiety, tension, and relaxing muscles. In higher doses, these same drugs produce drowsiness and a sleep-like state (Hypnotic).

Narcotic

Substances that bring relief from pain and produce sleep.

What drug has hallucinogenic, stimulant, and depressant actions?

Phencyclidine (PCP)

What is the strongest hallucinogen? Where is it derived?

LSD; Derived from the ergot fungus grown on various grains and grasses.

What is the active hallucinogen in cannabis?

Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC)

What is the primary hallucinogen in the peyote cactus?

Mescaline

List the historical uses for opium.

Popular “cure-all”, recreational smoking, sleep disorders, and pain relief. Antidiarrhea, Antitussive. Early 18th century Europe found opium described for asthma and gout.

Who synthesized LSD? Why was LSD synthesized?

Albert Hofmann synthesized LSD first. The main intention of Hofmann’s research with Sandoz was to obtain a respiratory and circulatory stimulant with no effects on the uterus. He was researching lysergic acid derivatives as part of the project when he accidentally synthesized LSD.

What is/are the common source(s) for psilocybin and psilocin?

Mushrooms: Psilocybe Mexicana and Psilocybe Cubensis.

What is the relationship between psilocybin and psilocin?

Psilocybin is unstable and is converted to psilocin by the body when used, it is believed that the pyschoactive properties associated with psilocybin are actually caused by psilocin.

List the two types of actions for steroids.

Anabolic Action and Androgenic Action.

Describe the sources of illicit steroids.

1. Counterfeit

2. Diverted

3. Clandestine

4. Smuggled

What is the pharmacologic classification for the barbiturates?

Sedative-Hypnotic Class, Depressant Downer.

Differentiate between physical and psychological dependence.

Physical dependence is the desire to avoid withdrawal sickness or abstinence syndrome that ultimately causes addiction. Physical dependence involves the body’s physiological responses to adherence of a regularly scheduled intake of a drug. Physical dependence develops only when the drug user adheres to a regular schedule of drug intake, so if the drug user stops cold turkey for example after excessive use of sedative-hypnotic drugs it could cause grand mal seizure activity. Psychological dependence (addiction- The creation of psychological dependence for continued use of the drug.) has the primary motive of emotional well-being leading to repeated and intensive use of the drug, a psychological dependence example would be the crash after cocaine, you mind says you need it to function, but in actuality your body will function without the drug just fine.

Give an example of a drug known for its physical dependence.

Sedative-Hypnotics: Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates.

Give an example of a drug known for its psychological dependence.

Cocaine,

What drug is known to have the strongest psychological compulsion for use.

Cocaine

What drug was known as the "Women's drug"?

Opium

What is the source for the "Women's drug"?

A gummy, milky juice exuded through a cut made in the unripe pod of the poppy (Papaver Somniferium).

Give examples of drugs that were created to treat opioid addiction.

Naltrexone, Buprenorphine, and Methadone.

Name three medically accepted uses for amphetamines.

1. Narcolepsy

2. Hyperkinetic Disorders- Ritalin (Methylphenidate)

3. Short Term Weight Loss

What medical use does methamphetamine have?

Bronchial Dilator, ADHD, and weight loss.

How is cocaine listed in the Alabama code?

Schedule 2 Narcotic, 20-2-25

What is the medical use for cocaine?

Topical anesthetic in nose and throat surgery due to its vasoconstrictive properties.

Name the two categories for tranquilizers. Give an example of a drug for each category.

• Major Tranquilizers (Anti-Psychotics): Phenothiazines (Thorazine)

• Minor Tranquilizers (Anti-Anxiety): Benzodiazepines- Diazepam (Valium), Alprazolam (Xanax).

Give examples of the signs of sedative-hypnotic abuse.

• General Sluggishness

• Drowsy with Drooping Eyelids

• Staggered Walk

• Irritability

• Slurred Speech but without the odor of alcohol.

• Overdose Symptoms (Confusion, cramping, delirium, hallucinations, convulsions, tremors, and unconsciousness).

Unlawful possession of a controlled substance

Unlawful possession or receipt of controlled substances. A person commits the crime of unlawful possession of controlled substances if he/she possesses or obtains a controlled substance.

Unlawful distribution of a controlled substance

A non-weight bearing charge. A person commits the crime of unlawful distribution of controlled substances if he/she sells, furnishes, gives away, delivers, or distributes a controlled substance.

Intent to distribute a controlled substance

A weight bearing charge. He/she furnishes, gives away, delivers, or distributes a controlled substance enumerated in Schedules I and V.

Trafficking

Section 13A-12-231: Trafficking in Cannabis, Cocaine, etc.; mandatory minimum terms of imprisonment; trafficking in illegal drugs; trafficking in amphetamines and methamphetamine; habitual felony offender act. Any person who knowingly sells, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state, or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of: specific weights specific to each drug.

Unlawful manufacture of a controlled substance

(a) A person commits the crime of unlawful manufacture of a controlled substance in the second degree if, except as otherwise authorized in state or federal law, he or she does any of the following:

(1) Manufactures a controlled substance enumerated in Schedules I to V, inclusive.

(2) Possesses precursor substances as determined in Section 20-2-181, in any amount with the intent to unlawfully manufacture a controlled substance.

(b) Unlawful manufacture of a controlled substance in the second degree is a Class B felony.

(a) A person commits the crime of unlawful manufacture of a controlled substance in the first degree if he or she violates Section 13A-12-217 and two or more of the following conditions occurred in conjunction with that violation:

(1) Possession of a firearm.

(2) Use of a booby trap.

(3) Illegal possession, transportation, or disposal of hazardous or dangerous materials or while transporting or causing to be transported materials in furtherance of a clandestine laboratory operation, there was created a substantial risk to human health or safety or a danger to the environment.

(4) A clandestine laboratory operation was to take place or did take place within 500 feet of a residence, place of business, church, or school.

(5) A clandestine laboratory operation actually produced any amount of a specified controlled substance.

(6) A clandestine laboratory operation was for the production of controlled substances listed in Schedule I or Schedule II.

(7) A person under the age of 17 was present during the manufacturing process.

(b) Unlawful manufacture of a controlled substance in the first degree is a Class A felony.

Create a table listing the Intent to Distribute charges for Alabama.

Cocaine: > 8 grams

Morphine, Opium, salt, isomer, salt of an isomer, including Heroin: >2 grams.

3,4-MDA: > 8 grams.

5-methoxy 3,4-MDA: > 8 grams.

Amphetamine, salt, optical isomer, salt of its optical isomers: > 8 grams.

Methamphetamine, salt, optical isomer, salt of its optical isomers: > 8 grams.

Fentanyl or any synthetic controlled fentanyl analogue as a single component: > 0.5 grams.

Mixture of Fentanyl or Controlled Synthetic Fentanyl or Controlled Synthetic Fentanyl analogue: > 2 grams.

List the drug trafficking charges for Alabama for Marijuana.

1st Level: In excess of 1 Kilo or 2.2 pounds

2nd Level: 100 pounds

3rd Level: 500 pounds

4th Level: 1000 pounds

List the drug trafficking charges for Alabama for Cocaine.

1st Level: 28 grams

2nd Level: 500 grams

3rd Level: 1 Kilo

4th Level: 10 Kilos

List the drug trafficking charges for Alabama for Morphine, Opium, Heroin, mixtures of Fentanyl/Fentanyl Analogue.

1st Level: 4 grams

2nd Level: 14 grams

3rd Level: 28 grams

4th Level: 56 grams

List the drug trafficking charges for Alabama for Single component Fentanyl/Fentanyl Analogue.

1st Level: 1 gram

2nd Level: 2 grams

3rd Level: 4 grams

4th Level: 8 grams

List the drug trafficking charges for Alabama for Methaqualone.

1st Level: 1,000 pills or capsules

2nd Level: 5,000 pills or capsules

3rd Level: 25,000 pills or capsules

4th Level: 100,000 pills or capsules

List the drug trafficking charges for Alabama for Hydromorphone.

1st Level: 500 pills or capsules

2nd Level: 1,000 pills or capsules

3rd Level: 4,000 pills or capsules

4th Level: 10,000 pills or capsules

List the drug trafficking charges for Alabama for 3, 4-MDA.

1st Level: 28 grams

2nd Level: 500 grams

3rd Level: 1 Kilo

4th Level: 10 Kilos

List the drug trafficking charges for Alabama for 5-methoxy 3, 4-MDA.

1st Level: 28 grams

2nd Level: 500 grams

3rd Level: 1 Kilo

4th Level: 10 Kilos

List the drug trafficking charges for Alabama for Phencyclidine.

1st Level: 4 grams

2nd Level: 14 grams

3rd Level: 28 grams

4th Level: 56 grams

List the drug trafficking charges for Alabama for LSD.

1st Level: 4 grams

2nd Level: 14 grams

3rd Level: 28 grams

4th Level: 56 grams

List the drug trafficking charges for Alabama for Amphetamine.

1st Level: 28 grams

2nd Level: 500 grams

3rd Level: 1 Kilo

4th Level: 10 Kilos

List the drug trafficking charges for Alabama for Methamphetamine.

1st Level: 28 grams

2nd Level: 500 grams

3rd Level: 1 Kilo

4th Level: 10 Kilos

List the drug trafficking charges for Alabama for Synthetic Controlled Substances.

1st Level: 56 grams

2nd Level: 500 grams

3rd Level: 1 Kilo

4th Level: 10 Kilos

List the drug trafficking charges for Alabama for Synthetic Controlled Substance Analog.

1st Level: 56 grams

2nd Level: 500 grams

3rd Level: 1 Kilo

4th Level: 10 Kilos

What is a controlled substance analogue? Where would you find the definition in the Alabama

code?

A synthetic controlled substance analogue, being a material, mixture, or preparation that contains any chemical structure of which is chemically similar to the chemical structure of any other controlled substance in Schedule I or Schedule II or that satisfies any one of the following:

1. Has a stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system that mimics or is similar to or greater than the stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system of a controlled substance in Schedule I or Schedule II.

2. With respect to a particular person, if the person represents or intends that the substance have a stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system that is substantially similar to or greater than the stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system of a controlled substance in Schedule I or Schedule II and the substance is actually capable of producing a stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system that mimics, is similar to, or is greater than the stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system of a controlled substance in Schedule I or Schedule II.

3. Has been demonstrated to have binding activity at one or more cannabinoid receptors.

4. Is capable of exhibiting cannabinoid-like activity.

5. Any compound structurally analogous to, mimicking, or derived from 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole or 1H-indol-3-yl-(1-naphthyl)methane by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by alkyl, alkyl halide, aryl halide, alkyl aryl halide, alkenyl, aliphatic alcohol, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, (N-alkylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl, (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl, or 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent, whether or not substituted in the naphthyl ring to any extent.

6. Any compound structurally analogous to, mimicking, or derived from 3-(1-naphthoyl)pyrrole by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the pyrrole ring by alkyl, alkyl halide, aryl halide, alkyl aryl halide, alkenyl, aliphatic alcohol, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, (N-alkylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl, (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl, or 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl, whether or not further substituted in the pyrrole ring to any extent, whether or not substituted in the naphthyl ring to any extent.

7. Any compound structurally analogous to, mimicking, or derived from 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)indene by substitution at the 3-position of the indene ring by alkyl, alkyl halide, aryl halide, alkyl aryl halide, alkenyl, aliphatic alcohol, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, (N-alkylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl, (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl, or 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl whether or not further substituted in the indene ring to any extent, whether or not substituted in the naphthyl ring to any extent.

8. Any compound structurally analogous to, mimicking, or derived from 3-phenylacetylindole by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring with alkyl, alkyl halide, aryl halide, alkyl aryl halide, alkenyl, aliphatic alcohol, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, (N-alkylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl, (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl, or 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent, whether or not substituted in the phenyl ring to any extent.

9. Any compound structurally analogous to, mimicking, or derived from 2-(3-hydroxycyclohexyl)phenol by substitution at the 5-position of the phenolic ring by alkyl, alkyl halide, aryl halide, alkyl aryl halide, alkenyl, aliphatic alcohol, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, (N-alkylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl, (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl, or 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl, whether or not substituted in the cyclohexyl ring to any extent.

10. Any compound structurally analogous to, mimicking, or derived from 3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropoyl)indole or 1H-indol-3-yl-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropoyl)methane by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by alkyl, alkyl halide, aryl halide, alkyl aryl halide, alkenyl, aliphatic alcohol, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, (N-alkylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl, (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl, or 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent.

11. Any compound structurally analogous to, mimicking, or derived from 3-(adamant-1-oyl)indole or 1H-indol-3-yl-(1-adamantyl)methane by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by alkyl, alkyl halide, aryl halide, alkyl aryl halide, alkenyl, aliphatic alcohol, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, (N-alkylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl, (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl, or 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent.

12. Any compound structurally analogous to, mimicking, or derived from N-(1-naphthalenyl)indole-3-carboxyamide or 1H-indol-(N-naphthyl)-3-carboxamide by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by alkyl, alkyl halide, aryl halide, alkyl aryl halide, alkenyl, aliphatic alcohol, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, (N-alkylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl, (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl, or 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent, whether or not substituted in the naphthyl ring to any extent.

13. Any compound structurally analogous to, mimicking, or derived from N-(adamantan-1yl)indole-3-carboxyamide or 1H-indol-3-carboxamide-(1-adamantyl) by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by alkyl, alkyl halide, aryl halide, alkyl aryl halide, alkenyl, aliphatic alcohol, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, (N-alkylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl, (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl, or 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent.

14. Any compound structurally analogous to, mimicking, or derived from N-(adamantan-1yl)indazole-3-carboxyamide or 1H-indazole-3-carboxamide-(1-adamantyl) by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indazole ring by alkyl, alkyl halide, aryl halide, alkyl aryl halide, alkenyl, aliphatic alcohol, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, (N-alkylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl, (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl, or 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl whether or not further substituted in the indazole ring to any extent.

15. Any compound structurally analogous to, mimicking, or derived from N-[(1S)-1-(aminocarbonyl)-2-methylpropoyl]indazole-3-carboxyamide or 1H-indazole-3-carboxamide-N-[(1S)-1-(aminocarbonyl)-2-methylpropoyl] by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indazole ring by alkyl, alkyl halide, aryl halide, alkyl aryl halide, alkenyl, aliphatic alcohol, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, (N-alkylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl, (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl, or 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl whether or not further substituted in the indazole ring to any extent.

16. Any compound structurally analogous to, mimicking, or derived from 3-(1-naphthoyl)indazole or 1H-indazole-3-yl-(1-naphthyl)methane by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indazole ring by alkyl, alkyl halide, aryl halide, alkyl aryl halide, alkenyl, aliphatic alcohol, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, (N-alkylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl, (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl, or 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl whether or not further substituted in the indazole ring to any extent, whether or not substituted in the naphthyl ring to any extent.

17. Any compound structurally analogous to, mimicking, or derived from 3-(carboxylic acid 8-quinolinyl ester)indole or 1H-indol-3-carboxylic acid-(8-quinolinyl)ester by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by alkyl, alkyl halide, aryl halide, alkyl aryl halide, alkenyl, aliphatic alcohol, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, (N-alkylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl, (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl, or 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent, whether or not substituted in the quinoline ring to any extent.

18. Any compound structurally related to 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl) ethanamine by substitution of the iodo moiety (4 position) with other halides, alkyl, alkyl halides, thioalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylhalides and/or substitution at the nitrogen atom of the ethanamine with alkyl, alkyl halide, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, phenyl, benzyl whether or not further substituted in the (either) phenyl ring to any extent.

19. Any compound structurally related to 2,5-dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine by substitution of the chloro moiety (4 position) with other halides, alkyl, alkyl halides, thioalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylhalides and/or substitution at the nitrogen atom with alkyl, alkyl halide, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, phenyl, benzyl whether or not further substituted in the (either) phenyl ring to any extent.

20. Any compound structurally related to 2-amino-1-phenyl-1-propanone (cathinone) by substitution of the amine with alkyl, alkyl halide, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, phenyl, benzyl whether or not further substituted in the (either) phenyl ring to any extent.

21. Any compound structurally related to a-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (a-pvp) whether or not further substituted in the phenyl ring to any extent, whether or not further substituted in the pyrrolidine ring to any extent.

The definition is found in Section 20-2-23(5)a.

Give an example of a drug that was determined to be an analogue under each law.

05/10/2012: XLR-11

03/14/2014: AMB, AB-CHMINACA

When was the controlled substance analogue laws effective in the state of Alabama?

May 10th, 2012

Define a counterfeit drug. Give an example of a counterfeit in Drug Chemistry casework.

Substances which, or the container or labeling of which, without authorization, bears the trademark, trade name, or other identifying mark, imprint, number, or device or any likeness thereof of a manufacturer, distributor, or dispenser other than the person who in fact manufactured, distributed, or dispensed the substance. An example of a counterfeit drug would be Fentanyl made to look like an Oxycodone tablet

What literature source/reference would you utilize to develop an extraction scheme for the

analyte of interest?

E.G.C. Clarke, Isolation and Identification of Drugs. Merck Index

What literature source/reference would you utilize for information on analyte solubility's?

Merck Index, CND Analytical Reference, or Microgram

What literature source/reference would you utilize to include IR and MS spectra for an analyte

of interest?

Mills Publication (IDDA), Pubchem

What literature source/reference would you utilize for visual identification of pills, tablets, and

manufactured sealed capsules?

Drug ID Bible, Poison Control, Drugs.com, Pharmaceutical Manufacturer.

List the documentation requirements for Pharmaceutical identifiers.

1. Descriptions of commercial preparations must clearly reflect in the case record physical characteristics utilized for a Visual examination: A. Color, B. Shape, C. Approximate Size, D. Inscriptions/ Markings.

2. Reference to Published Data for Pharmaceutical Identifiers to Include: Reference Source, Identification, Dosage Units, Hardcopy of Title Page and Page with Page Number, or a Hard Copy of Website Results. Common Sources Utilized include: The Drug Identification Bible, Poison Control, DEA Logo Index, Drugs.com, Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR), Pharmaceutical Manufacturers, Medicine-related Websites, and https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/

3. Manufacturer sealed packages listing the NDC code can be utilized for pharmaceutical identifiers.

4. If commercial preparations are unfamiliar to the analyst two unrelated references are required.

Discuss what information is available in Microgram, CLIC, Journal of Forensic Sciences, and

Journal of Chromatographic Sciences?

Extraction Procedures, Analyte Identification using chromatography techniques, Information about analytes.

What literature source/reference would you utilize to find a color test reagent preparation?

Moffat, Anthony C., Osselton, M. David, Widdop, Brian, “Clarke’s Analysis of Drugs and Poisons,” Third edition, The Pharmaceutical Press, London 2004. Moffat, A.C. M. D, Clarke’s Isolation and Identification of Drugs, The Pharmaceutical Press, London 1986. Clarke, E.G.C., Isolation and Identification of Drugs, The Pharmaceutical Press, London, 1972, Vol. 1, 2. Feigl, F., Spot Tests in Organic Analysis, 7th Edition, Elsevier Publishing, New York, NY, 1966, pp. 137-139, 251, 381-382. Johns, S. H. et. Al., “Spot Tests: A Color Chart Reference for Forensic Chemists,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Volume 24, No. 3, July 1979, pp. 631-649. DC SOP 6.4 Equipment- Microscopes.

What is a spot/color test?

Presumptive illicit drug identification technique commonly used by law enforcement, border security personnel, and forensic labs.

What is the purpose of a color test?

The main purpose of a color test is to narrow the list of substances that may be present in an unknown preparation or to eliminate the possibility of a substance’s presence in a sample.

– A color reaction can indicate the presence of a particular functional group or molecular moiety.

Color tests are only to be used as a screening technique (unless otherwise specified in analyte specific sections of the DC SOP) to aid analysts in selecting a method of analysis utilizing a more selective methodology or for isolating a visually consistent population for homogenization.

List the different ways to classify an organic spot test.

A classification of the organic spot tests can be made according to the type of target species recognized in the test:

a) Identification of characteristic organic compound types

b) Identification of individual organic compounds

c) Identification of functional groups forming the organic molecules

d) Identification of metallic and non-metallic elements being part of the organic molecules

e) Recognition of the reactivity of the organic compounds: ignition or combustion behavior, acidic or basic character, redox reactivity, behavior towards reactive or nonreactive solvents

List the basic chemistry of the Marquis Color Test.

Marquis’ reagent works with morphinan drugs and includes formaldehyde, which reacts with aromatic rings on tested chemicals and links them together.

2 mechanisms proposed

1. Formation of a stable carbocation through the action of formaldehyde

2. Free radical reaction

List the basic chemistry of the Cobalt Thiocyanate Color Test.

Cobalt’s test exploits cobalt thiocyanate to find protonated tertiary amines.

The reagent forms an insoluble ion pair with cocaine which precipitates out as a silvery turquoise blue solid

Create a table for the Marquis test with the drug/class and their respective color reaction.

a. Methamphetamine

b. Heroin

c. Morphine

d. Methylone

e. Fentanyl

• Methamphetamine: Orange to Brown.

• Heroin: Red to Purple.

• Morphine: Purple

• Methylone: Yellow

• Fentanyl: Orange to Brown.

Create a table for the Cobalt thiocyanate test with the drug/class and their respective color

reaction.

a. Heroin

b. Cocaine HCI

c. Cocaine base

d. Methamphetamine

e. (Pseudo)ephedrine

f. Phencylidine (PCP)

• Heroin: No Reaction.

• Cocaine HCl: Blue Precipitant.

• Cocaine (Base): No Reaction.

• Methamphetamine: Blue (Faint, Weird Blue).

• (Pseudo)ephedrine: No Reaction.

• Phencyclidine (PCP): Blue.

List the precautions of the Marquis Color Test.

Contains Formaldehyde, a suspected carcinogen. Solution loses its strength and must be prepared frequently, at least monthly if not weekly. Contains Concentrated Sulfuric Acid

List the precautions for the Cobalt Thiocyanate/Scott/Modified Scott color tests.

Cobalt Thiocyanate: Numerous false positives with this reagent.

Scott’s/Modified Scott’s: Contains an acid.

Where in the DC SOP are color test reagent preparations listed?

6.4 DC- Equipment Microscopes Under Reagents