Biology : Cell & Microorganisms

What is Cell Theory?

All living things are made up of cells. All cells come from pr-existing cells. Cells are the building block of life.

Unicellular cell

Single cell like bacteria

Multicellular cell

Made up of multiple cells like animal cells

Light Microscope

Uses light, has colour, only shows some organelles when stained.

Electron Microscope

Has much stronger magnification and does not have colour.

Prokaryotic Cells

Have no membrane, are extremely small, contain sub-cellular components that don't have a membrane and are a unicellular cell.

Example = bacteria

Eukaryotic Cell

Well organised, contain membrane bound organelles, quite large, and carry DNA in a nucleus where it is organised into chromosomes

Example = animal cells

What cell is this?

Animal Cell

What cell is this?

Plant Cell

What cell is this?

Bacteria Cell

What does the Nucleus do?

Stores genetic information.

What does the cell membrane do?

Control the exchange of material between the cell and the external environment.

What does the cell wall do?

Strengthens the cell and helps maintain its shape (only in plant cells)

What do Ribosomes do?

create proteins for the cell or remove them from the cell.

What does the Golgi body do?

Package proteins and send them to the cell membrane.

What does the Mitochondria do?

Carry out aerobic respiration to create ATP

What do Chloroplasts do?

Carry out photosynthesis

What structure is the Cell Membrane?

Fluid Mosaic Model

What is passive transport?

Movement that does not require energy because it is moving the same way as the consentration gradient.

What are the types of passive transport?

Diffusion - gases floating through

Facilitated Diffusion - large items travel through protein channels

Osmosis - water

What is osmosis?

The movement of water in and out of the cell.

What is Hypotonic?

When the percentage of solute outside of the cell is lower than inside the cell, water will move into the cell, an animal cell will burst, and a plant cell will swell and become turgidity

What is isotonic?

When the percentage of solute is equal inside and outside of the cell meaning there will be no water movement in or out of the cell causing it to stay the same.

What is Hypertonic?

When the percentage of solute outside the cell is higher meaning water will move out of the cell causing it to shrivel up.

What is active transport?

Requires energy (ATP) to move molecules because it is movie against the concentration gradient.

What are the types of active transport?

Endocytosis - in

Exocytosis - out

What are the 2 types of Endocytosis?

Phagocytosis - cell eating

Pinocytosis - cell drinking

What is mitosis?

a process that allows cells to split into identical daughter cells.

What are the phases of mitosis?

Interphase - cell preparing for splitting, starts to grow and copy DNA

Prophase - DNA condenses into chromosomes, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle fibers form.

Metaphase - Chromosomes line up in the middle, and spindle fibers attach

Anaphase - Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart towards the poles of the cell

Telophase - new nuclear membrane form splitting the cell into two

Cytokinesis - cell fully splits and has formed two identical daughter cells.

Mitosis acronym

I Play Monopoly At the Circus

What are Autotrophs?

Create their own energy through photosynthesis

What Are Heterotrophs?

Create energy by feeding on other organisms.

Photosynthesis chemical equation

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Carbon dioxide + water —> Glucose + oxygen

Aerobic Respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Alcohol Fermentation equation

C6H12O6 —> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy

Glucose —> alcohol + carbon dioxide + energy

Lactic acid fermentation equation

C6H12O6 —> 2C3H6O3 + energy

Glucose —> lactic acid + energy