Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

Flashcards on Anatomy and Physiology, covering anatomical terms, body organization, and the nervous and endocrine systems.

Anatomy

Study of the structure of the body and its parts.

Physiology

Study of the function of the body and its parts.

Morfofunctional Form (Morphology)

The physical shape and structure of anatomical units in the human body.

Morfofunctional Functions

Functions performed by anatomical units in the human body.

System

Collection of organs of the same tissue type working together.

Apparatus

Various systems working together for a common function.

Anatomical Structure

Physical arrangement of tissues and cells in an organ.

Specialized Tissues

Types of tissues composing an organ, adapted to specific functions.

Specific Function

Main actions carried out by an organ.

Anatomical Relationships

Location and interactions of an organ with other organs.

Size and Shape

Dimensions and external configuration of an organ.

Anatomical Structure (Apparatuses/Systems)

Organization of organs in apparatuses and systems.

Integration of Organs

Coordination of organs in apparatuses and systems for specific functions.

Regulation and Coordination

Mechanisms controlling activity in systems to maintain body equilibrium.

Adaptability

Ability of systems to adjust to changes in their environment.

Anatomical Planes

Tool to visualize and understand the three-dimensional arrangement of the human body.

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into right and left halves.

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Divides the body into anterior (frontal) and posterior (dorsal) regions.

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

Divides the body into superior (cranial) and inferior (caudal) portions.

Anterior (Ventral)

Toward the front.

Posterior (Dorsal)

Toward the back.

Superior (Cranial)

Above or higher than another part.

Inferior (Caudal)

Below or lower than another part.

Medial

Closer to the midline of the body.

Lateral

Further from the midline of the body.

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body.

Contralateral

On opposite sides of the body.

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or origin.

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment or origin.

Cephalic

Head region.

Cervical

Neck region.

Thoracic

Chest region.

Abdominal

Abdomen region.

Pelvic

Pelvis region.

Acromial

Shoulder region.

Brachial

Arm region.

Antecubital

Front of elbow region.

Antebrachial

Forearm region.

Carpal

Wrist region.

Palmar

Palm of hand.

Femoral

Thigh region.

Patellar

Knee region (anterior).

Crural

Leg region.

Tarsal

Ankle region.

Pedal

Foot region.

Nervous System

Regulates body activities through nerve impulses.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Nerves and ganglia outside the CNS.

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Regulates voluntary movements.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Regulates involuntary responses.

Enteric Nervous System (SNE)

Controls gastrointestinal tract functions.

Neuron Basic Parts

Dendrites, cell body, axon.

Sensory Function (Nervous System)

Detects internal and external stimuli.

Integrative Function (Nervous System)

Processes sensory information and makes decisions.

Motor Function (Nervous System)

Responds by activating effectors (muscles and glands).

Encephalon (Brain)

Part of the CNS within the skull.

Cerebellum

Regulates voluntary movements, balance, and posture; involved in motor learning.

Spinal Cord

Communication pathway between brain and body; coordinates reflex movements.

Peripheral Nerves

Transmit signals between the CNS and the rest of the body.

Ganglia

Processing and storage centers in the PNS.

Neurons

Transmit signals throughout the nervous system.

Endocrine System

Glands and organs producing/secreting hormones.

Endocrine System Function

Involved in growth, metabolism, and reproduction; maintains water and salt balance.

Hypothalamus

Controls hormone release in pituitary; regulates thirst, appetite, and body temperature.

Pineal Gland

Produces melatonin; regulates sleep cycles.

Pituitary Gland

Anterior pituitary: growth, thyroid, adrenal, reproductive functions; posterior: hormone storage.

Thyroid Gland

Produces T3 and T4; regulates metabolism and growth.

Parathyroid Glands

Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH); regulates calcium and phosphorus levels.

Thymus

Development and maturation of T lymphocytes.

Adrenal Glands

Produces steroid hormones like cortisol; regulates metabolism, stress, and immune response.

Pancreas

Produces insulin and glucagon; regulates blood glucose levels.

Testicles

Produces testosterone; necessary for sexual function and general health.

Ovaries

Produces mature oocytes and female sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone.

Placenta

Exchanges nutrients, O2, and wastes between mother and fetus; produces estrogen, progesterone, etc.

Immunological System

Defends the body against pathogens.

Recognition (Immune System)

Recognizes threats.

Immune Response

Executes reactions to eliminate threats.

Immune Memory

Retains and uses information for future responses.

The Immune System

Network composed of cells, tissues, and organs which provide immunity.

Barriers of the Immune System

Include tonsils, adenoids, mucous membranes and skin.

Lymphocytes function

Produce antibodies for immunity.

Spleen Function

Filters aged erythrocytes.

Mucous Membrane (Function)

Line of cavities and protect.

Skin

Largest organ.

Neutrophil

Detects bacteria.

Leukocytes

Function that protects the organism

Lymphatic System

Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils.

Function of Lymphatic System

Collects excess interstitial fluid and returns it to circulation.

Lymph Nodes

Act as filters for microorganisms and foreign particles.