APWHM Ginnochio: Chapter 22 and 23 Test WWI and the Interwar Years

Georges Clemenceau

French premier in last years of World War I and during Versailles Conference of 1919; pushed for heavy reparations from Germans.

David Lloyd George

Prime minister of Great Britain who headed a coalition government through much of World War I and the turbulent years that followed.

Self-determination

Right of people in a region to choose their own political system and its leaders.

Diktat

dictated peace without negotiations

League of Nations

International diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I; one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member.

Triple Entente

Britain, France, Russia

Central Powers

In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies.

National Congress Party

Grew out of regional associations of Western-educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became a political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period.

Rabindranath Tagore

Bengali poet, playwright, and novelist.

Mohandas Gandhi

Led sustained all-India campaign for independence from British Empire after World War I. Stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protest.

Leopold Sedar Senghor

Senegalese poet and political leader.

B.G. Tilak

Believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first populist leader in Indian nationalist movement.

Morley-Minto Reforms

Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils.

Montagu-Chelmsford reforms

Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919.

Rowlatt Act

Placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919

Satyagraha

Literally, "truth-force"; a strategy of nonviolent protest developed by Mohandas Gandhi and his followers in India; later deployed throughout the colonized world and in the United States.

Lord Cromer

British Consul-General in khedival Egypt from 1883 to 1907; pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime.

effendi

Class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence.

Dinshawai incident

Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along Nile River where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons; led to Egyptian protest movement. Demonstrates the overreaction of European colonizers to minor incidents.

Ataturk

Also known as Mustafa Kemal; leader of Turkish republic formed in 1923; reformed Turkish nation using Western models.

Hussein

Sharif of Mecca from 1908 to 1917; used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support Britain against the Turks in WWI; angered by Britain's failure to keep their promise.

Mandates

Governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I; Britain occupied mandates in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine after 1922.

Zionism

Movement originating in eastern Europe during the 1860s and 1870s whose leaders argued that the Jews must return to a Middle Eastern holy land; eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine.

Aimé Césaire

West Indian poet, asserted black culture.

Balfour Declaration

British minister Lord Balfour's promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine issued in 1917

Leon Pinsker

European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land.

Theodor Herzl

Austrian journalist and Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state

Alfred Dreyfus

French Jew falsely accused of passing military secrets to the Germans; his mistreatment and exile to Devil's Island provided flash-point for years of bitter debate between the left and right in France

World Zionist Organization

Founded by Theodor Herzl to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine to form a Zionist state.

Wafd Party

Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa'd Zaghlul; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922.

Sa'd Zaghlul

Leader of Egypt's nationalist Wafd party; their negotiations with British led to limited Egyptian independence in 1922.

The Home and the World (1916)

Novel by Tagore about women

Lathi

a heavy club often of bamboo bound with iron used in India as a weapon especially by police

Battle of Algiers (1966)

A movie about French Northern Africa

Lord Lugard

the British ambassador to Nigeria; He believes that Europe could benefit from Africa using its food supplies and raw materials while Africa could benefit from the British construction of roads and railways to provide transportation and capital

Marcus Garvey

African American political leader; had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s.

W.E.B. Du Bois

One of the most influential African American intellectuals and spokesmen of the 20th century. His extensive and widely-read writings on the plight of blacks in American society and critiques of racism were foundational to both civil rights movements in the United States and African resistance to colonialism.

Pan-African

Organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and African diaspora before and after World War I

Negritude

Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements.

Léopold Sédar Senghor

(1906-2001) One of the post-World War I writers of the négritude literary movement that urged pride in African values; president of Senegal from 1960 to 1980.

National Congress of British West Africa

the earliest nationalist organization in West Africa, and one of the earliest formal organizations working toward African emancipation

Kaiser Wilhem II

German emperor in World War I, was blamed for starting the Great War.

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (Pre WWI)

Allied Powers (WWI)

Britain, France, Russia, Italy and the United States

Jingoism

Warlike nationalist sentiments that spread widely among the middle and working classes throughout Europe.

dreadnought battleship

a ship with increased speed and firepower that made all other battleships obsolete virtually overnight, introduced in WWI, part of the arms race

Balkans

geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe. Greece and the region North of Greece. Tinder for the fire of WWI.

Blank Check

Germany swears to support Austria-Hungary in any actions it takes against Serbia

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke and heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo set in motion the events that started World War I.

Sarajevo

Administrative center of the Bosnian province of Austrian Empire; assassination there of Arch-duke Ferdinand in 1914 started World War I.

Two-front war

situation Germany found itself in under which it had to fight enemies on both its eastern and western borders.

Western Front

Front established in World War I; generally along line from Belgium to Switzerland; featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict.

Tsar Nicholas II

Tsar of Russia 1894-1917; forcefully suppressed political opposition and resisted constitutional government; deposed by revolution in 1917.

The Great War

name originally given to the First World War (1914-1918).

Gallipoli

Peninsula south of Istanbul; site of decisive 1915 Turkish victory over Australian and New Zealand forces under British command during World War I.

Armenian Genocide

Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Eastern Front

Most mobile of the fronts established during World War I; after early successes, military defeats led to downfall of the tsarist government in Russia.

Adolf Hitler

Nazi leader of Nazi Germany from 1933 to his suicide in 1945; created a strongly centralized state in Germany; eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leading to World War II; responsible for genocide of European Jews.

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam, refused an audience with Woodrow Wilson

Cubist Movement

twentieth-century art style; represented by Pablo Picasso; rendered objects as geometric shapes

Benito Mussolini

Italian fascist leader after World War I; created first fascist government (1922-1943) based on aggressive foreign policy and new nationalist glories

Fascism

Political philosophy that became predominant in Italy and then Germany during the 1920s and 1930s; attacked weakness of democracy, corruption of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs; undertook state control of economy to reduce social friction.

Syndicalism

Economic and political system based on the organization of labor; imported in Latin America from European political movements; militant force in Latin American politics

Porfirio Díaz

One of Benito Juárez's generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; imposed strong central government.

Francisco Madero

Moderate democratic reformer in Mexico; proposed moderate reforms in 1910; arrested by Porfirio Diaz; initiated revolution against Diaz when released from prison; temporarily gained power, but removed and assassinated in 1913

Pancho Villa

Mexican Revolutionary and military commander in northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution; succeeded along with Emiliano Zapata in removing Díaz from power in 1911; also participated in the campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta.

Emiliano Zapata

Mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerrilla movement after 1910 centered in Morelos; succeeded along with Pancho Villa in removing Díaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta; demanded sweeping land reform.

Victoriano Huerta

Attempted to reestablish centralized dictatorship in Mexico following the removal of Madero in 1913; forced from power in 1914 by Villa and Zapata.

Alvaro Obregón

(1880-1928) Emerged as leader of the Mexican government in 1915; elected president in 1920.

Mexican Constitution of 1917

Promised land reform, limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and placed restrictions on clerical education; marked formal end of Mexican Revolution.

Indigenism

the concern for the indigent peoples and their contribution to Mexican culture.

Diego Rivera

Mexican artist of the period after the Mexican Revolution; famous for murals painted on walls of public buildings; mixed romantic images of the Indian past with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology.

José Clemente Orozco

Mexican muralist of the period after the Mexican Revolution; like Rivera's, his work featured romantic images of the American Indian past mixed with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology.

Cristeros

Conservative peasant movement in Mexico during the 1920s; most active in central Mexico; attempted to halt slide toward secularism; movement resulted in armed violence.

Alexander Kerensky

Liberal revolutionary leader during the early stages of the Russian Revolution of 1917; sought development of parliamentary rule, and religious freedom.

Red Army

Military organization constructed under leadership of Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background.

New Economic Policy

Initiated by Lenin in 1921; state continued to set basic economic policies, but efforts were now combined with individual initiative; policy allowed food production to recover.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Federal system of socialist republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by Communist party; diminished nationalities protest under Bolsheviks; dissolved 1991.

Supreme Soviet

Parliament of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; elected by universal suffrage; actually controlled by Communist party; served to ratify party decisions.

Joseph Stalin

Successor to Lenin as head of the USSR; strongly nationalist view of Communism; represented anti-Western strain of Russian tradition; crushed opposition to his rule; established series of five-year plans to replace New Economic Policy; fostered agricultural collectivization; led USSR through World War II; furthered cold war with Western Europe and the United States; died in 1953.

Comintern

International office of communism under USSR dominance established to encourage the formation of Communist parties in Europe and elsewhere.

Collectivization

Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other Communist regimes.

Yuan Shikai

Warlord in northern China after fall of Qing dynasty; hoped to seize imperial throne; president of China after 1912; resigned in the face of Japanese invasion in 1916.

May Fourth Movement

Resistance to Japanese encroachments in China began on this date in 1919; spawned movement of intellectuals aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy; rejected Confucianism.

Li Dazhao

Chinese intellectual who gave serious attention to Marxist philosophy; headed study circle at the University of Beijing; saw peasants as vanguard of revolutionary communism in China.

Mao Zedong

Communist leader in revolutionary China; advocated rural reform and the role of peasantry in the Nationalist revolution; influenced by Li Dazhao; led Communist reaction against Guomindang purges in 1920, culminating in Long March of 1934; seized control of all of mainland China by 1949; initiated Great Leap Forward in 1958.

Guomindang

Chinese Nationalist party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1919; drew support from local warlords and Chinese criminal underworld; initially forged alliance with Communists in 1924; dominated by Chiang Kai-shek after 1925.

Whampoa Military Academy

Founded in 1924; military wing of the Guomindang; first head of the academy was Chiang Kai-shek.

Chiang Kai-shek

A military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as leader of the Guomindang or Nationalist party in China in the mid-1920; became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930s, but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the Communists after World War II.

Long March

Communist escape from Hunan province during civil war with Guomindang in 1934; center of Communist power moved to Shaanxi province; firmly established Mao Zedong as head of the Communist party in China.

Great Depression

International economic crisis following the First World War; began with collapse of American stock market in 1929; actual causes included collapse of agricultural prices in 1920s; included collapse of banking houses in the United States and western Europe, massive unemployment; contradicted optimistic assumptions of 19th century.

Popular Front

Combination of socialist and communist political parties in France; won election in 1936; unable to take strong measures of social reform because of continuing strength of conservatives; fell from power in 1938.

New Deal

President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insureance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life.

Totalitarian State

A new kind of government in the 20th century that exercised massive, direct control over virtually all the activities of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union.

Gestapo

Secret police in Nazi Germany, known for brutal tactics.

Spanish Civil War

War pitting authoritarian and military leaders in Spain against republicans and leftists between 1936 and 1939; Germany and Italy supported the royalists; the Soviet Union supported the republicans; led to victory of the royalist forces.

The Falange

Spanish fascist party

Import Substitution

This policy, first adopted in countries like Iran and Turkey, protected local manufacturing with high tariffs against imports, in domains like textiles or automobiles. The approach had many flaws but it was directed against the industrial imbalance that had developed earlier.

Corporatism

Political ideology that emphasized the organic nature of society and made the state a mediator, adjusting the interests of different social groups; appealed to conservative groups in European and Latin American societies and to the military.