Separation of Mixture

Mind Map: Separation of Mixtures Physically

Central Idea: Separation of Mixtures

• Separating mixtures into their individual components using physical methods.

Main Branches:

1. Filtration

   • Separating solid particles from a liquid or gas using a filter medium.

   • Sub-branches:

     • Gravity Filtration
     • Vacuum Filtration
     • Hot Filtration

     

2. Distillation

• Separating a mixture of liquids based on their boiling points.
• Sub-branches:
  • Simple Distillation
  • Fractional Distillation: used to separate petroleum into simpler mixtures of LIQUID hydrocarbons
  • process is dependent on the differences in the boiling points of the hydrocarbon fractions

1. Evaporation

   • Separating a mixture of a solid dissolved in a liquid by heating and vaporizing the liquid.
     • STRONG HEATING required → crucible used (usually made of porcelain)
   • Sub-branches:
     • Simple Evaporation
     • Crystallization: separate a dissolved solid from its solvent
     • concertation solution at HIGH temp and allow it to cool so the solute crystals of the solute form at the bottom of the vessel
     • can add a single “seed crystal” of solute into a solution to initiate crystallization

2. Magnetic Separation

   • Separating magnetic materials from non-magnetic materials using magnets.
   • Sub-branches:
     • Electromagnetic Separation
     • High-Gradient Magnetic Separation

3. Centrifugation

   • Separating components of a mixture based on their density using centrifugal force.
   • Sub-branches:
     • Sedimentation Centrifugation
     • Differential Centrifugation

4. Chromatography: chroma= color graphein= to write

   • Separating mixtures based on the differential movement of components in a mobile phase.

   • Sub-branches:

     • Paper Chromatography
     • Thin-Layer Chromatography

     

5. Sieving

• Separating particles of different sizes using a sieve or mesh.
• Sub-branches:
  • Wet Sieving
  • Dry Sieving

1. Decantation
   • Separating a mixture of a liquid and solid by pouring off the liquid layer.
   • Sub-branches:
     • Gravity Decantation
     • Centrifugal Decantation
2. Sublimation
   • Separating a mixture of a solid and a volatile substance by heating the mixture, causing the solid to directly vaporize.
   • Sub-branches:
     • Reverse Sublimation
     • Freeze-Drying
3. Extraction
   • Separating a mixture by selectively dissolving one or more components into a solvent.
   • Sub-branches:
     • Liquid-Liquid Extraction
     • Solid-Liquid Extraction

Note: This mind map provides an overview of various physical methods for separating mix