Bio - Topic 1 (Key Words)

Eukaryotic

Eukaryotic

Cells with a nucleus like plant and animal cells

Eukaryotes

Cells with a nucleus like plant and animal cells

Prokaryotic

Cells without a nucleus like bacteria cells

Prokaryotes

Cells without a nucleus like bacteria cells

Are animal cells eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Eukaryotic

Nucleus

Controls the activities of the cell + stores DNA (genetic information)

Cell membrane

Controls what enters and exits the cell

Mitochondria

Site of aerobic respiration to release energy to the cell

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis

Cytoplasm

Jelly like substance where chemical reactions take place + holds other cells in place

Cell wall

Supports/Strengthens the cell + made of cellulose in plant cells

Chloroplasts

Contains chlorophyll (green pigment) to absorb light energy for photosynthesis to take place here

Permanent vacuole

Cell sap stored here + maintains shape of the cell

Magnification

The number of times bigger something appears under a microscope

Eyepiece lens

Lens on a microscope to look through

Objective lens

Lens at the bottom of the microscope to look through

Which objective lens do we always start with?

Smallest magnification

Diaphragm (microscopes)

To adjust the amount of light

Fine Focus wheel

Sharpens the image under high magnification

Stains (microscopes)

Dyes added to microscopic slides to show the details clearly

Slide

What the specimen is placed on

Stage

What is the slide placed on

Coverslip

What is placed on a specimen to keep the sample flat/in place

Resolution

A measure of the microscope's ability to distinguish between two points which are close together on an object

Plasmid DNA

Small circular loops of DNA

Chromosomal DNA

Large pieces of DNA floating in the cytoplasm

Flagellum

Tail used to help the cell move

Slime coat

Protects the bacteria cell

Specialised cell

Cells adapted to carry out a particular function in the body

Egg cell

Female gamete

Sperm cell

Male gamete

Haploid nucleus

Nucleus containing half the number of chromosomes as a diploid nucleus (23 chromosomes)

Diploid nucleus

Nucleus containing 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 chromosomes)

How is the sperm cell adapted?

• Acrosome

• Flagellum

• Mitochondria

• Streamlined head

Describe the head of the sperm cell

Streamlined head

Why is acrosome an adaptation for the sperm?

Contains digestive enzymes to break down the egg cells cell membrane + jelly coat

Why is the streamlined head an adaptation for the sperm?

Contains the acrosomes to penetrate the egg cell + makes cell move faster

How is the egg cell adapted?

• Cell Membrane

• Jelly coat

• Cytoplasm

• Mitochondria

• Haploid nucleus

Cytoplasm (egg cell)

Contains nutrients for the growth of the enbryo

Ciliated cells

A cell that lines certain tubes in the body and has cilia on its surface

Cilia

Microscopic hairs that sway to move substances/particles

Villi

Folds in the small intestine

Microvilli

Microscopic folds in the small intestine

What adaptations does the villi have?

• Microvilli

• Capillaries

• One cell thick membrane

Why is microvilli an adaptation for the small intestine?

Increases surface area to increase the rate of diffusion/absorption for substances into the villi

Why is capillaries an adaptation for the small intestine?

They have a good blood supply to increase the rate of absorption/diffusion

Why is one cell thick membrane an adaptation for the small intestine?

Increases rate of diffusion of substances

Independent variable

The variable that is manipulated or changed

Dependent variable

The variable that we measure

Control variable

Variable that we keep the same or constant; remains unchanged

Catalyst

Something that speeds up a reaction

Biological catalysts

Something that speeds up a reaction in the body

Digestion

Breaking large Food molecules into smaller ones

Enzyme

A biological catalyst that speeds up the rate that larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, without using up energy

Active site

What the substrate binds to

Lock (Lock Key theory)

Enzyme

Key (Lock Key theory)

Substrate

Enzyme substrate complex

Formed when the substrate binds to the active site on the enzyme

Pepsin

Protease in stomach

Typsin

Protease in small intestine

Denaturing

When an enzymes active site changes in shape

Optimum conditions

Conditions where the enzyme works best so produces the most products

Iodine

Test for starch

Benedict’s

Test for reducing sugars

Biurets

Test for proteins

Sudan III

Test for lipids

Calorimetry

Way to calculate how much energy is in food

Partially/Semi permeable membrane

A membrane that only allows some particles to diffuse through it

Concentration gradient

The difference in concentration between two areas

Diffusion

Net (Overall) movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration through a partially permeable membrane

Osmosis

Net movement of water molecules from high to low concentration through a partially permeable membrane

Active transport

Net movement of particles from low to high concentration across a membrane using a protein carrier molecule